Exam 2

Question 1

hypotonic

Answer 1

less solutes outside of cell

Question 1

isotonic

Answer 1

same concentration of solutes

Question 2

hypertonic

Answer 2

more solutes outside of cell

Question 3

osmosis

Answer 3

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Question 4

osmoregulation

Answer 4

a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining solute concentration of body fluids

Question 5

main osmoregulatory organs of fish

Answer 5

kidney and gills

Question 6

how do fish control desiccation (loss of water/hydration)

Answer 6

large surface area in contact with water (gills/skin)

Question 7

freshwater fish tend to ___ water and ___ salts

Answer 7

gain, lose

Question 8

marine fish tend to __ water and __ salts

Answer 8

lose, gain

Question 9

what kind of fish is an osmoconformer

Answer 9

hagfish

Question 9

what kind of fish has a slightly higher osmolality than the environment

Answer 9

elasmobranchs (sharks/skates/rays)

Question 10

what type of fish live in a wide range of osmotic conditions

Answer 10

euryhaline fish

Question 11

what kind of fish live in both fresh and marine water

Answer 11

diadromous

Question 12

what kind of fish spawn in freshwater, but grow and mature in marine water

Answer 12

anadromous (salmon, sea lamprey)

Question 13

what kind of fish spawn in marine water, but grow and mature in fresh water

Answer 13

catadromous (anguillid eels)

Question 14

freshwater teleost have __ urine

Answer 14

watery

Question 15

ectothermy

Answer 15

relying on external heat sources

Question 16

endothermy

Answer 16

relying on internal heat sources

Question 17

homeothermy

Answer 17

body temperature held at a constant level

Question 18

poikilothermy

Answer 18

body temperature varies with environmental temperatures

Question 19

heterothermy

Answer 19

partial or regional endothermy

Question 20

consequences of lower body temperature in fish

Answer 20

decreased metabolic rate and changes to membranes

Question 21

how do fish adapt to cold temperatures

Answer 21

increase concentration of key metabolic enzymes, increase proportion of unsaturated lipids, decrease cholesterol

Question 22

how do fish deal with freezing

Answer 22

they produce antifreeze compounds and higher amounts of some solutes to depress the freezing point of intracellular fluid

Question 23

fish that can thermoregulate through eyes

Answer 23

swordfish, marlin, lamnid shark

Question 24

mechanoreception

Answer 24

the detection of pressure waves in water

Question 25

what does the lateral line of a fish do

Answer 25

measure water movement/pressure change

Question 26

modifications in fish to increase hearing

Answer 26

gas filled extensions of swim bladder

Question 27

electroreception

Answer 27

passive- detection of externally generated electric fields active- fish generate own electric signal and detect disturbances

Question 28

types of receptors in fish

Answer 28

tuberous and ampullary

Question 29

what effect does electric discharge have on fish

Answer 29

species recognition, sex recognition and courtship, dominance and social rank

Question 30

turbidity

Answer 30

cloudiness of water

Question 31

measure of Ca and Mg

Answer 31

hardness

Question 32

measure of NaCl

Answer 32

salinity

Question 33

what effect does pH have on fish

Answer 33

effects transport mechanisms in fish gill membranes

Question 34

a measurement of how much acid can be neutralized by water

Answer 34

alkalinity

Question 35

toxic to fish

Answer 35

ammonia and nitrites

Question 36

open water system

Answer 36

water in enclosure replaced on a continuous basis

Question 37

closed water system

Answer 37

water recirculates within

Question 38

keys to successful fish raising

Answer 38

water quality, quarantine and prophylactic treatment, diet

Question 39

3 main problems with water quality

Answer 39

1. organic/nutrient load problems 2. exacerbation of pathogen life cycle 3. overcrowding and stress

Question 40

top water quality problems

Answer 40

new tank syndrome, high organic load, acidification

Question 41

new tank syndrome

Answer 41

build up of toxic nitrogen compounds (ammonia and nitrites)

Question 42

heterotrophic bacteria

Answer 42

uneaten food, fish feces

Question 43

aerobic and autotrophic

Answer 43

ammonia and nitrite oxidizers

Question 44

two important factors of filtration

Answer 44

surface area and flow

Question 45

sources of high organic load

Answer 45

overfeeding and lots of decaying plant/animal tissue

Question 46

what problems does a high organic load cause

Answer 46

increase in nutrients for algae, increase in heterotrophic bacteria

Question 47

accumulation of acidic compounds normal in healthy tank

Answer 47

acidification

Question 48

what causes low pH

Answer 48

tanks with poor buffering capacity or good buffering capacity (no reduction of pH until buffer is used up)

Question 49

problems of low pH

Answer 49

stress, damage to epithelial tissues, disruption of ion balance, toxicity of certain metals