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BIOL 2500 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main types of tissues in the body?

A

Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, and Nerve

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2
Q

Define Histology and its relevance to the study of tissues.

A

The study of tissue and organs through secretion, and examining the sections under a microscope.

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3
Q

What are the common functions of tissues?

A

Protection and support

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4
Q

Describe the general characteristics of epithelial tissue.

A

Epithelial tissue composed of one packed cells.

With little to no matrix, and aids in the protection from dehydration, destruction, and abrasion

Allows for some passage of molecules, while not allowing others passage

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5
Q

Explain the significance of polarity in epithelial cells.

A

Epithelial polarization allows epithelial cells to transport molecules across the surface in a directional manner

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6
Q

What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?

A

Protects the tissues from mechanical stress

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7
Q

List and describe the four primary functions of epithelial tissue.

A

Protection, secretion, absorption and transportation

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8
Q

Differentiate between simple and stratified epithelium.

A

Simple epithelium is one layer thick and aids in protecting with abrasion, secretion, and filtration

Stratified is Two or more layers thick and aids in protecting against mechanical stress.

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9
Q

What are the different cell shapes found in epithelial tissue, and how do they relate to function?

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar.

Cuboidal is found in kidney tubules , Oval in shape but rather wide

Columnar lines the stomach and intestines, Oval in shape but tall and slender than it is wide.

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10
Q

Compare and contrast keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

A

As far as function they are both the same in that they protect from abrasion, but structure is not the same.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium has multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apical cells are dead and filled with protein keratin.

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithleium has multiple cell layer; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral whereas apilical cells are alive and kept moist

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11
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands are within the cell, they lack ducts and secrete hormones into blood

Exocrine glands are outside of the cell, connective tissue that is invaginated and connected with epithelial surface by duct

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12
Q

Provide examples of secretions from merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands.

A

Merocrine: lacrimal and salivary glands
Apocrine: Mammary and ceruminus glands
Holocrine: mammary glands

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13
Q

What are the main functions of connective tissue?

A
  • physical protection
  • Support and structural framework
    -binding of structures
    -storage of fats
  • transport
    -immune protection
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14
Q

Describe the components of connective tissue, including ground substance and protein fibers.

A

Ground substance is liquidy; lymph and blood.
Protein fibers are composed of collagen and reticular fibers

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15
Q

What are the types of cells found in connective tissue, and what are their functions?

A

Fibroblasts, Mast cells, plasma cells , macrophages, adipocytes, and leukocytes

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16
Q

Explain the differences between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue.

A

Dense regular is densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; scarce ground substance and limited blood supply.

Dense Irregular is collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together, fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply

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17
Q

What are the three types of cartilage, and where might each type be found in the body?

A

Hyaline - found in the joint surface
Fibrocartilage- in the inter vertebral disks and the insertions of ligaments and tendons.
Elastic Cartilage- external part of the ear

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18
Q

What are the main components of nervous tissue, and what roles do they play?

A

neurons and glial cells- communication and reception

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19
Q

How does the structure of cardiac muscle facilitate its function?

A

involuntary response; pumps blood (intercalated discs)

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20
Q

How do neurons differ from glial cells in function?

A

neurons generate and propagate electrical and chemicals signals whereas glia function mainly to modulate neuron function and signaling

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21
Q

What defines an organ in terms of tissue composition?

A

Collection of tissue that form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function

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22
Q

What are the four types of body membranes, and where are they located?

A

Synovial, Epithelial, Mucous, serous and cutaneous membranes.

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23
Q
  1. Define hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and neoplasia.
A

Hypertrophy: increase in size
Hyperplasia: increase in cell number
Atrophy: Decrease in size
Neoplasia: uncontrolled tissue growth (tumors)

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24
Q

What is necrosis, and what causes it?

A

Tissue death due to damage

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25
The epidermis is made up of what kind of cells and is how many layers of cells ?
Epithelial cells and is formed of several layer of cells
26
What is the function of skin?
Protects underlying tissues from physical trauma, pathogen invasion and water loss.
27
Skin contains what
Sensory receptors, help with awarneness of sorrundinga and communication through touch
28
29
What is composed in the epidermis layer?
Stem cells Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes Deepest layer of epidermis (stratum basal)
30
Thin skin covers the _________ of the body
rest
31
Thin skin is made up of what layer and at what thickness?
Epidermis @ 0.1 mm thick
32
Thin skin possesses what kind of items?
hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
33
Bulb
stem cells for hair; hair growth
34
Shaft
this is the layer of hair follicles in which we can dye our hair; more permanent; more in cortex
35
Root
The part of the hair that is embedded in the hair follicle
36
Blood Vessels of the epidermis function in what?
Rebuilding torn fibers
37
Nerve receptors are defined as what?
Deep pressure (in dermis)
38
Areolar Dense irregular
cleavage line and tension lines
39
1st Degree Burn
Epidermal layer is burnt ( nerve ending death could cause to hurt, but could go away)
40
Cutaneous
water retention, immune response, visualization, sensory
41
Subcutaneous
regulation of temperature in the body
42
2nd Degree Burn
skin in the body layer is damaged
43
3rd Degree Burn
nerve damage/ potentially permanent
44
Hypodermis
energy storage damage (A lot of adipose tissue)
45
At what pre natal age is the fetus developing the Ectoderm?
Week 7
46
At what pre natal age is the fetus developing the Mesoderm?
Week 11
47
At what pre natal age is the fetus developing the Endoderm ?
Week 21
48
At what pre natal age is the fetus developing the fingernails and toenails?
Week 32
49
True or False: The skin is the largest organ
True
50
What does skin protect from?
invasion, physical trauma, and water loss
51
Functions of the Skin
-Protection Resistance to trauma and infection Waterproofing UV radiation Harmful chemicals -Vitamin D synthesis Skin first step Liver and kidneys complete process -Sensation Thermoregulation Thermoreceptors -Vasoconstriction/vasodilation Nonverbal communication Acne, birthmark, or scar
52
Thick skin
on palms and sole and corresponding surfaces on fingers and toes - has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands - the epidermis is- 0.05 mm thick
53
The bottom layer of the epidermis is known as the
stratum basal
54
Epidermis
outer most protective layer
55
The outer most layer is called the
stratum corneum
56
Cells die and become what?
Flat and hardened
57
What happens to cell as we touch thing all day?
they are being constantly being rubbed off
58
Stem cells
undifferentiated cells give rise to keratinocytes located in the stratum basal
59
Keratinocytes
great majority of epidermal cells synthesize keratin
60
Dendritic cells
- Macrophages originating in bone marrow -Found in stratum spinosum and granulosum
61
Melanocytes
Only in stratum basal Synthesize melanin Branched process
62
Tactile cells
In basal layer of epidermis Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers
63
Stratum basale
single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cell and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
64
Stratum spinosum
Numerous desesomes and cell shrinkage produces spiny appearance; consists of several layers of keratinocytes that produce pre-keratin filaments which causes cells to flatten
65
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened kertinocytes producing keratin ; contains course dark straining granules and lamellar granules
66
Stratum lucidum
thin translucent zone; keratinocytes are densely packed with eleiden, no nucleus or the organelles
67
Stratum corneum
horny layer
68
Dermis
connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis. Ranges from 0.2 mm (eyelids) to 4 mm (palms, soles) Composed mainly of collagen with elastic fibers, reticular fibers, and fibroblasts Lots of blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nerve endings
69
Smooth muscle
(piloerector muscles) associated with hair follicles Contract—goose bumps
70
Dermal papillae
upward fingerlike extensions of the dermis Friction ridges on fingertips that leave fingerprints
71
Papillary layer
superficial zone of dermis Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla Allows mobility of white blood cells Rich in small blood vessels
72
Reticular layer
deeper and much thicker layer of dermis Dense irregular connective tissue Stretch marks (striae): tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin Tension lines/Lines of cleavage
73
Hypodermis
Fatty adipose tissue layer that shots are given Padding due to the fatty tissues
74
Skin Markings
- Friction Ridges ~ fingerprints - Flexion lines ~line on the flexor surface of the digits, palms. wrists and elbows. - Freckles and moles-tan to black aggregation of melanocytes -- indicate lack of skin cancer but could indicate aging instead. - Birthmarks~ patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors in the dermal blood capillaries
75
Accessory skin organs
includes hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
76
Pilus
another name for hair hair is found almost everywhere on the body
77
Hair cycle
consists of three development stages ~ Anagen- growth stage, 90% of scalp follicles at any given time ~ catagen- degenerative stage, mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die -telogen - resting phase
78
Nails
help humans function they guard against injuries they enhance the sensation
79
Merocrine
most abundant skin glands simple tubular glands
80
Apocrine
sweat glands occurs in the groin, anal region, axilla, areola, bearded area in males
81
Ceruminous glands
are special exocrine glands found only in the dermis of the ear canals.
82
sebaceous glands
are exocrine glands found in the dermis of the skin that produce an oily secretion known as sebum.
83
Utelizing the A-E rule for skin cancer is the way to determine if a skin lesion is cancerous or benign
A-asymmetry B – border is irregular C – color varies from one area to another D – diameter is larger than 6mm E – elevated
84

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