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2024 CLASSES > EXAM #2 > Flashcards

EXAM #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Is bacteria living or non-living?

A

Bacteria is a living organism

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2
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic & polar?

A

The head is hydrophilic (water-loving) and polar

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3
Q

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic & non-polar?

A

The tail is hydrophobic (water-hating) and non-polar

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4
Q

What type of cell transport do viruses use to enter the host cell?

A

Mediated Endocytosis

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5
Q

Which organelle carries out photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

What happens in the Golgi Appartus?

A

where proteins and lipids are modified, packed, sorted, and directed to their final destination

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7
Q

What prevents chemical messages from leaving the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope

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8
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

Emphazies that cells are the building blocks of life and explains the continuity of life through cell division

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9
Q

What are 3 main principles of Cell Theory?

A
  1. All living organisms are made up of cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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10
Q

How do you determine living from non-living?

A

Living things can grow, reproduce, have cells and can respnd to their evironment while non-living have none of these characteristics.

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11
Q

What is cellular organization?

A

Composed of one or more cells

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12
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

Energy transformation and usage

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13
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Regulation of internal environment

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14
Q

What is Growth and Development?

A

Something that changes over time

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15
Q

What is the response to stimuli?

A

Interaction with the environment ; a change in an organisms environment that causes a physiological behavior response

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16
Q

What is adaption through evolution?

A

This is the change over generations

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17
Q

Do viruses need a host?

A

Viruses need a host to replicate and survive

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18
Q

What is a viruses structure?

A

A virus consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and is surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

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19
Q

Are viruses living or non-living?

A

Viruses are non-living because they cannot replicate or carry out any processes without a host

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20
Q

Describe Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are the genetic info in a single cell ; They DO NOT have a nucleus ; EX: bacteria and Archaea

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21
Q

What is a Prokaryotes structure?

A

Unicellular organism with no nucleus ; DNA is circular and found in the nucleoid region ; have ribosomes & a cell membrane

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22
Q

Describe Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are complex cells with organelles ; They HAVE a nulceus ; EX: plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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23
Q

What is Eukaryotes structure?

A

Can be unicellular or multicellular ; contains a nulceus & membrane-bound organelles ; EX: mitochondria, edoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

What are phospholipid heads attracted to?

A

Water and each other

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25
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hyrdophobic tails facing inward.
26
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
Allows smalled, nonpolar molecules to pass through easily
27
Does passive transport require energy (ATP)?
NO, passive transport does not require energy
28
Which way does passive transport move? What are some examples?
Passive transport moves along the concentration gradient from high to low ; EX: Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
29
Does active transport require energy (ATP)?
YES, active transport requires energy
30
Which way does active transport move? What are some examples?
Active transport moves along the concentration gradient from low to high ; EX: Sodium-potassium pump, proton pump
31
What is Exocytosis?
The process of vesticles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell
32
What are 3 forms of Endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
33
What is Endocytosis?
the process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane.
34
What is Phagocytosis?
"cell-eating" ; where the cell engulfs large particles or cells
35
What is Pinocytosis?
"cell-drinking" ; where the cell takes in liquid and small molecules
36
What is Receptor- Mediated Endocytosis?
cells observe specific molecules ; A specific uptake of molecules based on receptor binding
37
What is tonicity?
Tonicity is the ability of a solution to make water move in or out of the cell by osmosis
38
What is Isotonic?
THINK: "Iso" = equal ; extracellular and inteacellular environments are equal
39
What is Hypertonic?
THINK: "Hyper" = more ; extracellular environment has a higher concentration than the cell interior
40
What is Hypotonic?
THINK: "Hypo" = less ; extracellular environment has a lower solute concentration than the cell interior
41
What is a Solute?
The thing being dissolved ; EX: kool aid powder, salt
42
What is a Solvent?
What you are dissolving something INTO ; EX: water
43
Where can the cell wall be found? Animal cells or plant cells?
In plants cells but not in animal cells
44
Where can the Chloroplast be found? Animal or plant cells?
Present in plant cells (for photosynthesis), absent in animal cells
45
Where can Vacuoles be found? Animal or plant cells?
Large central vacuoles in plant cells, smaller or absent in animal cells
46
The Endoplasmic Reticulum has 2 genres, what are they?
Rough (synthesis & production of proteins) ; Smooth (synthesis of lipids)
46
What is mitochondria?
The production of ATP through cellular respiration
47
What is the function of Ribosomes?
protein synthesis
47
What is the function of Lysosomes?
breaks down waste material
48
Describe the Cytosplasm
gel-like substance that contains organelles
49
Describe the Cell Membrane
phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cells, provides structure and protection.
50
Describe the Nucleolus
structure within the nucleus where ribosome assembly begins
51
Describe Microtubules
part of the cytoskeleton, maintain cell shape, facilitate intracellular transport, involved in cell division.
52
Describe Centrioles
made of microtubules, found in pairs, play a key role in cell dvision
53
What are the two main phases of the Cell Cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M Phase (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)
54
Describe the G2 Phase (Gap 2)
Further growth and preparation for mitosis ; Synthesis of proteins and organelles needed for division
54
Describe the S Phase (Synthesis)
DNA replication occures, resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosome.
54
Describe G1 Phase (Gap 1)
Cell growth and development ; Organelles dublicate and teh cell increases in size
54
Describe Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells
55
Describe Mitosis
The process of nuclear division, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
56
Describe Mitosis
Process used by eukaryotic somatic cells ; Involves several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; Produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells.
57
Describe Binary Fission
Process used by prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria); the cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and divides into two identical cells
58
What are Sister Chromatids?
Identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere after DNA replication; formed during the S phase of the cell cycle.
58
What are the steps of Mitosis?
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
59
What are Homologous Chromosomes?
Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and genetic content but are not identical; One homologous chromosome comes from the mother and one from the father.
59
Describe Meiosis
Specialized form of cell division for producing gametes (sperm and eggs); Consists of two rounds of division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II), resulting in four genetically diverse haploid cells; Involves processes like crossing over and independent assortment to enhance genetic diversity
60
What are the steps of Meosis?
Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
61
What is the importance of Checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Checkpoints are critical regulatory points in the cell cycle that monitor and control progression through the cycle.
62
What are the 3 major checkpoints in the Cell Cycle?
G1 Checkpoint, G2 Checkpoint, M Checkpoint (aka Spindle Checkpoint)
63
What's the consequences of Bypassing the checkpoints?
can lead to uncontrolled cell division, contributing to cancer development and other diseases.
64
What happens during Prophase?
Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, spindle fibers form
65
What happens during Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up at the cell's equator.
66
What happens during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles
67
What happens during Telophase?
Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes, and the cell begins to divide.
68
What happens during the G1 Checkpoint?
Assesses cell size, DNA integrity, and nutrient availability. If conditions are not favorable; the cell may enter G0 (a resting state)
69
What happens during the G2 Checkpoint?
Checks for DNA damage and ensures DNA replication is complete before mitosis.
70
What happens during the M Checkpoint (aka Spindle Checkpoint)?
Ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle apparatus before anaphase
71
What ate examples of Genetic Diversity through Meiosis?
Crossing over & independent assortment
72
Define Fertilization
Combines genetic material from two parents, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of genes

2024 CLASSES (5 decks)

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