Exam 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Id
Part of the personality that includes all of the individuals basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification. Freud based most of his ideas on the human urge to survive and pro-create (Sigmund Freud).
Ego
The rational, reality oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the innate pleasure-seeking drives of the ID. The ‘ego’ is (or can be) the great moderator of primal urges (Sigmund Freud).
Super Ego
Moral and ethical aspects of personality
(Sigmund Freud). (conscience)
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Father of Psychoanalytic Theory who argues that human development occurs on three levels: ID, Ego, Super Ego.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Stages of moral deveopment
~Pre-Conventional Level (7 to 10 yrs. old)
~Conventional Level (10 yrs. to adult)
~Post-Conventional Level (mature adults)
Cognitive Theorists (Jean Piaget)
A Cognitive Theorist who was interested in the question ‘How do people obtain, process, and use information?‘ How do we think? ( Sensorimotor Stage, Pre-Operational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage)
Looking-Glass Self Theory
Charles Horton Cooley developed, arguing that the way in which a person’s sense of self is derived comes from the perceptions of others.
Significant other
George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) developed the concept of “role-taking” which is the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person’s or group’s point of view. Example: Children play “Mommy” or “Daddy” or “teacher” which helps children distinguish themselves from ‘significant others’ who are people whose care, affection, and approval are especially desired and which is critical to the development of the self.
Socialization
The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
Social Control
Methods used to teach, persuade,, or force a group’s members, and even nonmembers, to comply with and not deviate from its norms and expectations.
Agents of Socialization
Family, School, Peer Groups, and Mass Media.
Social Movements
Technology Revolution, Sexual Revolution, Women’s Movement, and Youth Movement.
~Pre-Conventional Level (7 to 10 yrs. old)
~Conventional Level (10 yrs. to adult)
~Post-Conventional Level (mature adults)
Lawrence Kohlberg
Re-socialization
is the process that involves breaking with behaviors and ways of thinking that are unsuited to existing or changing circumstances, and replacing them with new, more appropriate ways of behaving. There are voluntary methods of re-socialization like medical treatments, psychological care (AA), and religious involvement as well as involuntary methods such as military participation, incarceration, mental hospitals, and concentration camps.
Differential Association Theory
argues that people have a greater tendency for deviant behavior when they frequently associate with those who are more involved in deviant activities.
Control Theory of Deviance
of deviance argues that deviance is contained or minimized by imagining the possible consequences of deviant behavior.
Criminal Justice System
The organizations that respond to the alleged violations of the law including the police, courts/court officials, and prison officials.
Labeling Theory
argues that deviant behavior and/or conformity result from how others respond to particular behaviors. Critical role directly related to the power and status of those who do the labeling and those who are being labeled. Deviant behavior is defined as such by a ‘social audience’. Three stages of deviance: Primary Deviance, Secondary Deviance, and Tertiary Deviance.
Deviance
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs. All deviance is culturally and historically dependent.
Strain Theory of Deviance (Robert Merton; 1910-2003)
Merton argued that conformity is created when there are clear and available “means” to achieve society’s “goals”, but when there is a ‘strain’ between society’s means and goals deviance is often times the outcome. Innovators, Ritualist’s, Retreatists, and Rebels.
Crime
A form of deviance in which society’s formally enacted criminal laws are violated.
Functionalist Theory of Deviance
Deviance is a normal element of society which functions to affirm cultural norms and values, clarifies moral boundaries, brings people together, and encourages social change (Emile Durkhiem).
Primary Deviance
which involves an initial act of rule breaking at which time a label is designed to prevent future rule breaking, but if they accept the label they will continue in the rule breaking.
Secondary Deviance
refers to when a person accepts a deviant label (identity) and continues in the deviant behavior
