exam 2 Flashcards

Question

leptospira host habitat

Answer 1

* Maintained by animal hosts * Persist in renal tubules * Shed in urine * Contaminate environment * Water associated (rivers, ponds) * Readily survives in bodies of water * Moisture is very important for transmission * When possible, keeping animal housing dry and clean is an important control measure. -passed through water or direct contact with urine

Answer 2

* Invade tissues through moist/softened skin, mucous membranes or by ingestion * Adhesions -surface surviving proteins -haeme oxygenase – allows utilization of haeme as iron source * Flagella – motility

Answer 3

* Infections most often without overt clinical signs * May result in reproductive problems * Reproductive failure * Abortion * Also associated with milk-drop syndrome * Mastitis * Flabby udder * Yellow or red tinged milk * Chronic genital infection common * Shed in urine possibly for life

Answer 4

* Acute infections much more apparent * Fever, anorexia, lethargy, decreased milk production * Haemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis, petechiation. isrertic fetal tissues. -treatment depends on type of symptoms: antimicrobials and supportive care -prevention: vaccines, dry environment, eliminate carriers

Answer 5

* Persists in the kidney and are shed in the urine * Clinical disease typically seen in gilts * Acute: Pyrexia, listlessness * Chronic: Abortions, Considerable economic loss -milk spot kidney * Infections with Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Australis, Grippotyphosa and Hardjo reported * Be aware of maintenance host and control as appropriate

Answer 6

* Treatment * Antimicrobials important when dealing with outbreaks * Apparently not effective at eliminating serovars from herds which are maintained by pigs * Control measures * Replacement stock are the most likely source for a herd * Biosecurity, skunks have been implicated in outbreaks * Vaccination * Interruption of transmission is most important

Answer 7

-Younger animals are more severely affected * Clinical signs include: * Pyrexia * Vomiting, dehydration, diarrhea (melena) * Peripheral vascular collapse, tachypnea, poor capillary perfusion * Icterus (liver is also damaged) * Peracute infections can result in massive leptospiremia and rapid death * See most commonly in hounds and working dogs * Probably those animals with more wildlife or contaminated water body contact Leptospira -hot spots are southern ontario and nova scotia

Answer 8

* Antimicrobials * Penicillin is the treatment of choice for acute disease * Tetracyclines, macrolides or aminoglycosides needed to eliminate carrier state * Prevention * Vaccines are available * May prevent disease but not carrier state (zoonotic risk!) * Avoid contact with reservoirs Leptospira

Answer 9

* Acute onset fever, headache, muscle pain and conjunctivitis * Can mimic dengue * Can also have icterus (5-10% of cases) * Case fatality rate typically (1-5%) without treatment, up to 20% if hepatorenal failure without dialysis * Occupational exposure very important * Workers on farms, mines, sewers, abattoirs, vet, fish, dairy and milkers. -incubation 10 days, rare in NA. travel infection.

Answer 10

* Animal → Animal and Animal → Human very important * Very broad host range including wild and domestic mammals, reptiles and amphibians * A 1983 study found that 90% of rats in Detroit were positive for Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae * In Europe beware the hedgehog * Personal protective equipment should be utilized to avoid direct contact with infected animals

Answer 11

* A wide variety of drugs can be used, beware of what species you are treating and what the drug withdrawal times may be * What is your goal? Clinical cure or clearing carriers? * Streptomycin, doxycycline * Chloramphenicol and the sulfonamides are NOT recommended

Answer 12

-small gram neg cocco bacilli -BCL 2 - Taylorella equigenitalis is a notifiable disease in Canada * Taylorella * Carboxyphilic, facultative anaerobe * Bordetella * Obligate aerobes * Non-fermentative * Highly contagious!

Answer 13

* Taylorella * Host associated * In the equine genital tract * Bordetella * Respiratory tract of many species * Healthy and diseased animals -do not survive well in environment

Answer 14

* Adenylate cyclase haemolysin – inhibits phagocytosis, and local immune response * Dermonecrotic toxin - broadly important among Bordetella * Amount of toxin produced may be related to strain virulence * Inhibitory towards porcine osteoblasts (atrophic rhinitis) * Also required for B. avium to be pathogen

Answer 15

* Pertussis toxin * The activity of this toxin is believed to be responsible for whooping cough * Composed of 5, 2-part subunits (A/B) * A subunit ultimately leads to increased cAMP levels * Affecting cell signaling * Also has systemic effects * ↑ insulin * Inhibits recruitment of WBC and affects chemokine production

Answer 16

*causes Contagious equine metritis * In mares: * Vaginal discharge 2-7 days after breeding * Return to estrous * In stallions: * Doesn’t typically result in clinical disease, silent carriers * Found in smegma accumulating in the urethral fossa * Venereal disease in horses * Natural mating or AI -CFIA reportable -treatment: antimicrobials, washing of vulva and clitoris and clitoral fossa. -control: stud selections, import -test horse from endemic region and quarentine.

Answer 17

-causes turkey coryza * Disease of upper respiratory tract * Sneezing (called snick) * Nasal discharge (mucoid, tenacious exudate) * Altered vocalization * Mouth breathing * Highly infectious - up to 100% of flock affected * Affects young birds (<4 weeks -low mortaltity but could be high with secondary invadors * Transmission: * Direct contact * Contaminated feed, water, litter * Survives in environment for 1-6 months! * Also occurs in chickens although disease tends to be less severe * Treatment * Antimicrobials (tetracyclines) * Control * Vaccinations * Biosecurity

Answer 18

* Associated with infections of the respiratory tract in young pigs * Pneumonia * Atrophic rhinitis - Atrophic rhinitis caused by complex of P. multocida (PM) type D or A and B. bronchiseptica (BB)

Answer 19

* Atrophic rhinitis caused by complex of P. multocida (PM) type D or A and B. bronchiseptica (BB) * BB starts the infection, causes damage allowing PM to proliferate * Toxins produced by PM cause epithelial hypoplasia, atrophy of mucous glands, osteolysis * Dermonecrotic inhibits osteoblasts * Ultimately results in atrophy of nasal turbinates and shrinking of snout

Answer 20

* Cause of kennel cough (canine infectious tracheobronchitis) * Often polymicrobial infection * Acute onset clinical signs * Paroxysmal, productive cough with retching * Swollen vocal cords result in unusual sounding cough (honk) * Disease usually self-limiting * Incubation period 3-10 days * Very contagious Patient history is an important part of the diagnosis * Lack of vaccine in past 6 months * Contact with other dogs * Treatment * Antimicrobials in severe cases * Supportive therapy vaccines: oral, intranasal, sub Q

Answer 21

* Disease less common than in dogs * May be associated with contact with infected dogs * Clinical signs include * Sneezing * Mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge * Often mild compared to dogs * Cough is UNCOMMON! * Disease more severe (pneumonia) in young kittens * Treatment * Doxycycline

Answer 22

* Like pigs, we see similar diseases in rabbits caused by B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida * Rhinitis * Pneumonia * Otitis media/interna * Very common in rabbits with respiratory disease up to 50% -causes sniffles

Answer 23

* Guinea pigs are among the most susceptible species to Bordetella infections * Infection more likely to lead to serious disease than carrier state * Acute, rapidly progressive respiratory infections with high mortality rate * Rabbits can also serve as reservoir for more susceptible species such as guinea pigs

Answer 24

-causes whooping cough * Disease progresses through 3 phases * Prodromal phase: * Cold or flu like illness * Paroxysmal phase: * Begins 7-14 days after prodromal phase * Coughing paroxysms, followed by desperate gasps for air * Paroxysms often followed by cyanosis and vomiting * Convalescent phase: * Within 4 weeks on onset * Decreased occurrence of paroxysms Atypical pertussis occurs in adults * Relatively common in university students, military personnel -350000 deaths anually -vaccines -highly contagios

Answer 25

Bordetella spp. * Nasal or tracheal swabs * Do NOT use cotton swabs, cotton can be toxic to these organisms and reduce the likelihood of recovery * Bronchoalveolar lavage * Transtracheal wash * Transport media is important * Do NOT freeze -culture, serology, florencent antibody test

Answer 26

* Taylorella only causes clinical diseases in equids * Bordetella species should all be considered potentially zoonotic * We have insufficient evidence to quantify risk * B. bronchiseptica has been isolated from respiratory submissions from people including whooping cough like illness * Can be pathogenic in compromised patients * Children * Chronic alcoholics * AIDS * Acute leukemia

Answer 27

* These organisms assume 2 forms( Mycelial (mold) and yeast forms) -thermally dimorphic fungi depend on temp for growth. yeast as body temp and above 37. * Biocontainment level 3 – when in mycelial form * Biocontainment level 2 – when in yeast form -budding yeast looking at 37 or stringy in mycelial phase

Answer 28

* These are all environmental organisms * Blastomyces dermatitidis – acidic soils (water, creek) -* Coccioioides immitis – soil of low elevation deserts * Histoplasma capsulatum – nitrogenous soils (bat/bird feces) * Sporithrix schenckii complex – old wood -all common with resp infections. -urine antigen samples, aspirates, excudates from lesions. -use serology or cytology -DANGEROUS when cultured.

Answer 29

-blasomyces dermatitdis: myceal phase long rods look like sperm -Mycelial phase of Coccidioides immitis. has a barrel shaped arthroconidia -Histoplasma capsulatum mycelial phase. Note the large tuberculate macroconidia and the small microconidia. -Sporothrix schenckii. mycelial phase, clusters of conidia with a floral distribution

Answer 30

-blastomyces (southwest can, ON) or africa -coccidioides (SE USA) -histoplasma (SW Cad, south USA) -sporothrix (USA, mexico, china, brazil)

Answer 31

-blastomyces: spores in enviro in mycelial phase then inhaled or into skin. -coccidiosis: inhaled, tiny move in wind, go to alveioli. make endospores with spherules. -histoplasma: spores in mycelial phase then inhaled to LN and throughout body. -sporothrix: in enviro with traumatic plant material (rose bushes, hay, ect)

Answer 32

-most common in sask -respiratory disease, use rads of lungs with nodular lesions -ocular signs (uveitis) -skin lesions 20-50% time -chronic sick: anorexia, weightloss, lameness -previous antibiotic therapy -common in young dogs, sporting breeds. -by water or dirt excavation dogs 10x more s than people.

Answer 33

* Most often starts as respiratory infection * Dry cough * Fever * Weight loss * Bone is most common site of extra-pulmonary involvement * The state of Mississippi is the most highly endemic region * If you suspect that your patient has Blastomyces, ask the owners about clinical disease in their family members!

Answer 34

* Disease colloquially known as “Valley Fever * Subclinical infections common * Up to 70% of dogs * Clinical signs depend on site of infection: * Lameness most common * Chronic illness * Respiratory signs, granulomatous pneumonia. * Lymphadenopathy * Non-healing cutaneous lesions (cats usually) -see after rainfall then dust in AZ -latenent infection up to 3 years. * Treatment * Amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole

Answer 35

* Most infected animals have disseminated disease, wide range of non-specific signs * Depression, weight loss, fever most common clinical signs, draining tracts * Unresponsive to antibiotics Diarrhea – due to Histoplasma enteritis * Often large bowel diarrhea with mucous and frank blood * Hepatomegaly * Splenomegaly * Icterus -may be self limiting or use antifungal: * Amphotericin B

Answer 36

* Cats are very susceptible * 2 nd most commonly reported systemic mycosis in cats * Most have disseminated disease with non-specific signs * Skin lesions (nodules or ulcers) common * Respiratory signs OTHER than cough * Dyspnea, tachypnea and abnormal lung sounds * Ocular involvement in ~1/4 of cats

Answer 37

* Most often presents as a lymphocutaneous disease * Nodules develop at the site of infection * Eventually nodules and cutaneous lymphatics ulcerate * Exudation of yellowish exudate from ulcers * Disseminated disease can develop if cutaneous or lymphocutaneous forms not treated -ulcerative dermatitis * Disease develops after damage to skin from contaminated plant material * Thorns for example * Treatment: Systemic iodine preparations=Itraconazole

Answer 38

-feline sporotrichosis causes cutaneous and extracutaneous forms. -single or multiple skin lesions, usually with nose mucosa. nodules and skin ulcers. -extracutaneous: resp signs, swollen LN, cartilage and bone lesions. -lesions on face and nose of cats.

Answer 39

* Associated with * Sphagnum moss, rose bushes and splinters * S. brasiliensis * Zoonotically acquired from cats (bites/scratches) * As of fall 2023, geographically limited to South America * Get small painless pustules, then get multiple linearly placed secondary pustular lesions or ulcerating lesions along proximal lymphatics -zoonotic from bites/ scratches.

Answer 40

-gram neg cocco-bacilli -BCL 2 -* Facultative anaerobes * Fastidious -part of normal microbiota * Histophilus somni: Respiratory and reproductive tract * Glaesserella parasuis: pigs, resp, membranes, genital tract -factors X and V

Answer 41

* Capsule – adhesion and invasion * Fimbriae – associated with encapsulated strains * Lipooligosaccharide – toxic lipid A component, also capable of phase variation → antigenic variation and immune evasion * Glaesserela parasuis induces cells to eat it (autophagy) as a strategy for getting into cells!

Answer 42

* Often involves more than one organ system * Respiratory infection (shipping fever) * Fever, tachypnea, cough, nasal discharge * Can be fatal * Pain associated with pleuritis * Thrombotic meningoencephalitis * Septicemia * Myocarditis – sudden death * Arthritis * Abortion * Enzootic calf pneumonia. -vascular thrombosis * Tissue infarction + necrosis with haemorrhage. vascular thrombosis * Thrombotic meningoencephalitis in older calves and yearlings * Depression, fever, blindness, coma and sudden death * Treatment * Antimicrobials * Control * Vaccination

Answer 43

-* Lameness, septicemia, epididymitis-orchitis, metritis, abortion and mastitis -necrositing myocarditis, firbrous broncho. ect.

Answer 44

* Presentation depends on site of infection * In naive herds see rapid onset of disease * Pyrexia, inappetence, anorexia * Abortion in gilts * Lameness chronically -septicemia- sudden death. -glassers disease: fibrinous polyserositis. -disease in mixing herds, young pigs 4-8 weeks. short 1-5d incubation.

Answer 45

* Treatment * High doses of antimicrobials early in course of disease * Control * Vaccination of gilts (ensuring protective maternal immunity) * Beware of new introductions * Not mixing litters * Adequate colostrum intake

Answer 46

* Found in the oro/naso pharynx of up to 85% of people * Clinical signs depend on site of infection * Fever and chills, cough, difficulty breathing * Associated with wide variety of diseases * Meningitis, otitis media, epiglottitis. * Before vaccines this was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in kids 1 month – 2 years. -hearing loss.

Answer 47

* Vaccines J * Unvaccinated children are most at risk * Beware of schools, daycares Common themes 1.Colonizes upper respiratory tract 2.Multisystemic disease 3.Occurs when susceptible populations mix

Answer 48

-joint fluid, tissues with lesions. -do not freeze, get to lab quickly -host specific strains not zoonotic * Treatment * Antimicrobials early in infection helpful * Macrolide type drugs can be useful * Erythromycin * Vaccines important (Glaesserella parasuis) * Intrinsic resistance to streptogramins (virginiamycin)

exam 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)