exam 2 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What type of sensory receptor adapts slowly and transmit information for as long as several days?
A
tonic receptors
2
Q
mechanoreceptors do
A
detect deformation/ stretch, pressure, proprioception
3
Q
thermoreceptors do
A
change in temp
4
Q
nocicoreceptors do
A
detect damage/ pain
5
Q
electromagnetic receptors
A
light/ rods and cones
6
Q
chemoreceptors
A
chemical change
7
Q
On which transmission pathway would the sensation of vibration travel?
A
Dorsal column-medial leminiscal system
8
Q
an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons
A
dermatome
9
Q
What is the excitatory neurotransmitter in the paleospinothalmic tract?
A
substance p
10
Q
what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
A
to control the information relayed to the primary visual cortex
11
Q
In the ear, what serves to create action potentials in response to sound vibrations?
A
hair cells in the Organ of Corti
12
Q
Which papillae on the tongue do not contain taste buds?
A
filiform papillae
13
Q
most sensitive to taste sensation
A
bitter
14
Q
Where are the oderant binding protein receptors located in the nostril?
A
cilia of olfactory cells
15
Q
Water soluble hormones have their receptors located in/on:
A
the cell membrane
16
Q
The most common type of feedback loop for hormone control is:
A
negative feedback loop
17
Q
The posterior pituitary does NOT make hormones.
A
true
18
Q
Stimulates secretion of TSH
A
TRH
19
Q
Stimulates secretion of FSH and LH
A
gNrh
20
Q
Stimulates secretion of ACTH
A
CRH
21
Q
stimulates secretion of growth hormone (GH)
A
ghrh
21
Q
inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH)
A
GHIH
21
Q
What triggers the release of Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)?
A
High IGF-1 levels perceived by the hypothalamus
22
Q
promotes intestinal absorption of calcium
A
VITAMIN D
22
increases plasma calcium
PARATHYROID HORMONE
23
Decreases plasma calcium
CALCITONIN
24
inhibits differentiation(maturation) of preosteoclasts, reducing bone resorption
osteoprotegerin (OPG)
25
Aldosterone secretion does NOT require ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
FALSE. IT DOES
26
Serum levels of what substance can be used to monitor endogenous insulin production?
C PEPTIDE
27
What cell type is a precursor to erythrocytes?
reticulocyte
28
if the erythrocyte count is low, what hormone stimulates production of proerythroblasts from stem cells?
erythropoietin
29
Iron is stored in what protein molecule in the body?
ferritin
30
Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus and therefore are not able to reproduce via cell division
true
31
A person with AB blood type (AB surface antigens) will also have which agglutinuns (immunoglobulins) present
none
32
Which rhesus antigen is the type which is most antigenic (causes the most reactions)?
D
33
What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
binds to antithrombin III
34
The end result of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to generation of what substance?
prothrombin activator
35
Clotting via the intrinsic pathway is rapid and explosive, occuring within seconds
FALSE
36
In the negative feedback mechanism for clotting, what substance binds with remaining thrombin which is not localized to the clot to inactivate it?
antithrombin III
37
Granulocytes include:
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
38
The ability of white blood cells to change shape in order to get to a site of injury or inflammation
Diapedesis
39
The process by which antibodies immunologically mark a target for phagocystosis is known as:
opsonization
40
Which of the following processes is a part of the inflammatory response?
SWELLING OF TISSUE CELLS
41
the molecular structure that is specifically recognized in acquired immunity
EPITOPE
42
Some developing B cells will go on to form plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. Other developing B cells will go on to form:
Memory cells
43
What type of antibody is involved in allergic reactions?
igE
44
What type of antibody is the earliest produced in response to an antigen?
IgM
45
cells which can directly attack microorganisms
Cytotoxic t cells
46
The complement system functions to enhance the immune response. Fragments C3a, C4a, and C5a activate what type(s) of cells to cause them to release inflammatory substances?
mast cells and basophils
47
which virus causes a rash in associated dermatome
varicella zoster
48
4 ways receptors can be stimulated
mechanical deformation
chemical change
electric change
temperature change
49
Continue to transmit impulses to brain for long periods of time while stimulus is present
tonic receptors
50
responds only when change has taken place
important for balance and movement
rate/ phasic receptors
51
Meissner corpuscles
Location: non-hairy skin close to surface (fingertips, lips, eyelids, nipples, and external genitalia)
Function: motion detection, grip control
Stimuli: skin motion, low frequency vibration
Adaptation: rapid adaptation
52
Merkel discs
Location: tip of epidermal ridges
Function: form and texture perception
Stimuli: edges, points, corners, curvature
Adaptation: slow adaptation
53
Pacinian corpuscle
Location: dermis and deeper tissues
Function: perception of distant events through transmitted vibrations; tool use
Stimuli: vibration
Adaptation: very rapid adaptation
54
free nerve endings myelinated respond to
pain and temp
55
free nerve endings unmyelinated respond to
pain, temp, itch
56
Contains smaller myelinated and unmyelinated fibers for slow transmission
Anterolateral System
57
Low degree of spatial orientation
Anterolateral System
58
Transmits a broad spectrum of modalities
Anterolateral System
59
Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations
Anterolateral System
60
Contains large myelinated nerve fibers
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
61
High degree of spatial orientation maintained throughout the tract
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
62
Transmits information rapidly and with a high degree of spatial fidelity (i.e., discrete types of mechanoreceptor information)
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
63
Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System
64
(unilateral neglect, hemispatial neglect or spatial neglect): patients are unaware of items to one side of space
hemineglect
65
inability to recognize objects by touch
Astereognosis
66
a disorientation of the skin’s sensation across its space (e.g., hard to identify a number or letter traced on the hand)
Agraphesthesia
67
loss in the Somatosensory Association Area
inability to recognize complex objects
neglect of contralateral world and even refusal to acknowledge ownership of contralateral body
68
deflection of light rays to change their angle as the pass onto the retina, which is necessary for the formation of a focused image.
refraction
69
dynamic changes in the refractive power of the lens, which is achieved by modifying the shape of the lens
accomodation
70
for nearby objects the lens does what
lens becomes thicker
71
what does dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus do
Relay information to primary visual cortex via optic radiation
“Gate control” of information to primary visual cortex
72
what movements rotate the eyes
Superior and inferior obliques
73
what movements move the eyes side to side
medial and lateral
74
move eyes up and down.
Superior and inferior recti
75
which papillae are taste buds found
Circumvallate papillae, Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
76
how is smell transferred
Binding of chemical odorant to receptor induces the G-protein transduced formation of cAMP which opens sodium channels
77
where are steroid receptors located (lipid soluble)
cell cytoplasm
78
where are protein/peptide receptors located (water soluble)
in or on the surface of cell
79
where are thyroid receptors located
in the cell nucleus
80
posterior pituitary hormones 2
oxytocin and ADH
81
CONTROL OF ADH STEPS
Water deficit
increase extracellular osmolarity
increase ADH secretion
increase plasma ADH
increase h2o permeability in collecting ducts
increase water reabsorption
decrease h20 excreted
82
if you have enough T3 and T4...
You will turn off the production of TRH and TSH
83
In hyperthyroid
high T3 T4, low TSH
84
High aldosterone
hypokalemia
Muscle weakness
Slow HR, arrhythmias
Cell alkalosis
85
In hypothyroid
low T3 T4, high TSH
86
low aldosterone
hyperkalemia
Increased muscle excitability (early on)
Arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation
Cell acidosis
87
what peptide measures insulin
c peptide
88
stores/releases glucose
liver
89
increased by glucose, returns glucose to normal
insulin
90
increased by low glucose, returns glucose to normal
glucagon
91
stimulates sympathetic nerve increase in epinephrine to increase glucose from the liver
hypoglycemia
92
increases growth hormone/cortisol, promotes fat utilization, decreased glucose utilization
hyperglycemia
93
O blood type
agglutinins : anti A and anti B
94
A blood type
agglutinogens: A
agglutinins: anti B
95
B
agglutinins: anti A
agglutinogens: B
96
AB
agglutinins: NONE
agglutinogens: AB
97
5 STEPS of hemostasis for a clot
1. severed vessel
2. platelets agglutinate
3. fibrin appears
4. fibrin clot forms
5. clot retraction occurs
98
extrinsic pathway
Release of tissue factor (aka tissue thromboplastin)
Activation of factor X
Factor VII combines with tissue factor to form factor VIIa
Factor VIIa combines with Ca2+ to form activated factor X (Xa)
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator
**explosive**
99
intrinsic pathway
Blood trauma causes activation of factor XII and release of platelet phospholipids
Activation of factor XI
Activation of factor IX
Activation of factor X
Activated by both factor IXa and factor VIII
Factor Xa combines with factor V to form prothrombin activator (same as last step of extrinsic pathway)
100
Multiple large particles are bound together in a clump (bacteria)
Agglutination
101
Molecular complex of the antigen and the antibody becomes so large it’s insoluble and precipitates (tetanus toxoid)
Precipitation
102
Antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigenic agent
neutralization
103
Some potent antibodies are occasionally capable of directly attacking membranes of cellular agents, causing rupture of the agent
lysis
104
important factor to look for in a patient when suspicious of anemia
reticulocyte
105
Transmits touch, vibration, position, fine pressure
dorsal column
106
Pain, thermal sensations, crude touch and pressure, tickle and itch, sexual sensations
anterolateral
