Exam #2

Question 1

what is a chemical reaction

Answer 1

process that transforms one set of substances into another
involves breaking and forming chemical bonds

Question 2

why do chemical bonds form

Answer 2

main reason is for stability
atoms are most stable with a full outer level of electrons

Question 3

what is the octet rule

Answer 3

atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to get 8 electrons in their outermost energy level (shell)

Question 4

how do metals become stable

Answer 4

(left side) tend to lose electrons to become stable

Question 5

how do non-metals become stable

Answer 5

(right side) tend to gain electrons to become stable

Question 6

what are ionic bonds

Answer 6

bond forms by electrons transfer- one gains and one loses- forever
atom become opposite charged

Question 7

what are covalent bonds

Answer 7

bonds forms by sharing of electron between non-metals
both atoms get a full outer level by sharing a pair of electrons, always two electrons are shared

Question 8

what are the 5 main reaction types

Answer 8

synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion

Question 9

what is synthesis

Answer 9

elements combine to form a compound
A + B -> AB

Question 10

what is decomposition

Answer 10

a compound break down into elements
AB -> A + B

Question 11

what is single replacement

Answer 11

one element replaces a similar element from a compound
A + BC -> AC + B

Question 12

what is double replacement

Answer 12

two elements in two compounds trade places
AB +CD -> AD + CB

Question 13

what is combustion

Answer 13

carbon compound burns in oxygen to release carbon dioxide and water
CxHy + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + fire

Question 14

how can we control how fast a reaction happens

Answer 14

catalyst and inhibitor

Question 15

what is a catalyst

Answer 15

a substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up
ex. enzyme in the body

Question 16

what is a inhibitor

Answer 16

a substance that slows a reaction
ex. food preservatives

Question 17

who created the conservation of mass

Answer 17

Antoine Lavoisier, French Chemist, Late 1700’s

Question 18

what is the Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 18

matter (mass) can not be created or destroyed
the atom must always be the same before and after a chemical reaction, the total mass must be unchanged

Question 19

what is the reactant in a chemical equation

Answer 19

beginning substances

Question 20

what is the product in a chemical equation

Answer 20

substance created by the reaction

Question 21

what do you change to balance an equation of a substance involved in the reaction

Answer 21

coefficients

Question 22

what are exothermic reactions

Answer 22

produce heat, feel warm
ex. burning of propane

Question 23

what are endothermic reactions

Answer 23

use up heat in the reaction process, feels cold

Question 24

what are macromolecules

Answer 24

large organic molecules

Question 25

what are the main types of molecules

Answer 25

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 26

what are polymers

Answer 26

molecules formed by combining smaller molecules to form long chains

Question 27

what are momomers

Answer 27

the smaller molecule that make up polymers

Question 28

what are the monomers that make up proteins

Answer 28

amino acids

Question 29

how many common amino acids are there

Answer 29

21

Question 30

what are peptide bonds

Answer 30

The bond that holds amino acids together to form the protein polymer

Question 31

what structures in the body are formed by protein

Answer 31

muscle, hair, nails, cartilage

Question 32

what else can proteins make up

Answer 32

enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Question 33

what are some examples of proteins

Answer 33

meat, chicken, fish, milk, eggs, Greek yogurt, nuts

Question 34

what are carbohydrates

Answer 34

sugars, starches, and other compounds that give the body energy

Question 35

what is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbs

Answer 35

1:2:1

Question 36

what is respiration

Answer 36

the process of burning carbohydrates to get energy

Question 37

what are the most common and simple carbohydrates

Answer 37

glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 38

what are starches found in

Answer 38

grains, grain products, pasta, bread, potatoes, squash, corn, peas, beans

Question 39

what does glycogen do

Answer 39

store energy for use

Question 40

what is cellulose

Answer 40

a structural fiber in plants

Question 41

what are lipids

Answer 41

fats and oils

Question 42

what kind of bond types does saturated fats have

Answer 42

single bonds

Question 43

what kind of bond types does unsaturated fats have

Answer 43

double bonds

Question 44

what are trans fats

Answer 44

fats that do not occur in nature and should be limited ex. fast foods, donuts, potato chips, cookies

Question 45

fats tend to be solid and come from

Answer 45

animals

Question 46

oils tend to be liquid and come from

Answer 46

plants

Question 47

what is cholesterol

Answer 47

a fat-like substance used to make cell membranes, excess cholesterol can lead to heart disease

Question 48

what foods high in cholesterol should you limit intake

Answer 48

eggs, fatty meat, and cheese

Question 49

what is the calories/ gram for carbohydrates

Answer 49

4

Question 50

what is the calories/ gram for lipids

Answer 50

9

Question 51

what is the calories/ gram for proteins

Answer 51

4

Question 52

what are nucleic acids

Answer 52

polymers that store genetic information

Question 53

what does DNA contain

Answer 53

genetic code (blueprint)

Question 54

what is RNA used for

Answer 54

to make proteins from amino acids according to DNA code (workers)

Question 55

what are the monomers of DNA

Answer 55

nucleotides

Question 56

what are nucleotides made of

Answer 56

sugar(ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Question 57

what are the four bases of nucleotides

Answer 57

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Question 58

The shape of a DNA molecule is generally described as a

Answer 58

double helix

Question 59

what bases link together

Answer 59

A-T and C-G

Question 60

what are nutrients

Answer 60

substances in food that contribute to growth and health

Question 61

what do nutrients provide

Answer 61

energy, cell-building and structural materials and agents that regulate body chemistry

Question 62

what does a nutrient include

Answer 62

proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 63

what are the macronutrients

Answer 63

carbs, fats, and proteins

Question 64

what percent should carbs be in your diet

Answer 64

45-65% main energy source

Question 65

what percent should proteins be in you diet

Answer 65

10-35% building blocks of life

Question 66

what percent should lipids be in you diet

Answer 66

20-35% fats and oils, needed for energy storage cell membrane structures

Question 67

what are vitamins

Answer 67

organic substances that is water or fat soluble and essential in very small amounts for normal growth and activity

Question 68

what does water soluble mean

Answer 68

can dissolve in water in the blood stream and include vitamin C and B

Question 69

what does fat soluble mean

Answer 69

can dissolve in fat and require fat to carry through the body, include A, D, E, and K vitamins

Question 70

what are minerals

Answer 70

inorganic element that is an essential part of cells, nutrients that the body uses

Question 71

what are some examples of metallic elements

Answer 71

iron, zinc, calcium, and sodium

Question 72

what does vitamin A do

Answer 72

helps maintain teeth, skin, skeletal, and soft tissue, also promotes good vision

Question 73

what does vitamin B complex do

Answer 73

energy metabolism

Question 74

what does vitamin C do

Answer 74

healing wounds and repair of cartilage, bones, and teeth

Question 75

what does vitamin D do

Answer 75

helps absorb calcium, promotes bone health

Question 76

what does vitamin E do

Answer 76

formation of RBC, antioxidant

Question 77

what does vitamin K do

Answer 77

clotting of blood

Question 78

what does calcium do

Answer 78

builds strong bones and teeth, aids in nerve function and blood clotting

Question 79

what does sodium do

Answer 79

regulates fluids, helps muscle contraction, and nerve impulse, regulate blood pressure

Question 80

what does potassium do

Answer 80

helps regulate fluid and mineral balance, helps muscles relax

Question 81

what does zinc do

Answer 81

used in cell reproduction, tissue repair, part of many enzymes that help the body use macronutrients

Question 82

what does iron do

Answer 82

helps RNC carry oxygen

Question 83

what does magnesium do

Answer 83

helps maintain cells, signals muscle relax/contract, component of bones

Question 84

what does iodine do

Answer 84

helps regulate metabolism, found in thyroid hormones

Question 85

what are the 5 food groups

Answer 85

fruit, vegetables, protein, grains, dairy