Exam 2

Question 1

Synthesis Reaction

Answer 1

A + B –> AB

Question 2

Decomposition Reaction

Answer 2

AB –> A + B

Question 3

Single- Displacement Reaction

Answer 3

A + BC –> AC + B

Question 4

Double-Displacement Reaction

Answer 4

AB + CD –> AD + CB

Question 5

Combustion Reaction

Answer 5

X + O2 –> … + Heat

Question 6

Electrolyte

Answer 6

a substance that disassociates into ions when dissolved in water and also forms solutions that conduct electricity

Question 7

Strong Electrolyte

Answer 7

an electrolyte that completely disassociates into ions when dissolved in water
look for:
-soluble ionic compounds
-strong acids and bases

Question 8

Weak Electrolyte

Answer 8

an electrolyte that partially disassociates into ions when dissolved in water
look for:
-wake acids and bases

Question 9

nonelectrolyte

Answer 9

substance that does NOT disassociate into ions when dissolved in water and forms solutions that do NOT conduct electricity

Question 10

Acids

Answer 10

a substance that produces H+ ions when dissolved in water

Question 11

Bases

Answer 11

a substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water

Question 12

Precipitation Reaction

Answer 12

a reaction in which a solid (or precipitate) forms when two aqueous solutions are mixed. The solid in a precipitate reaction is an insoluble ionic compound.

Question 13

Molecular Equation

Answer 13

chemical equation showing the complete neutral formulas for each compound in the reaction

Question 14

Complete Ionic Equation

Answer 14

chemical equations that list all the ions present in the reaction

Question 15

Net Ionic Equation

Answer 15

chemical equation that shows only the species that actually change during the reaction

Question 16

Acid-Base Reaction (Neutralization Reaction)

Answer 16

a reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to neutralize each other and produce water and an ionic compound (salt)

Question 17

General Acid-Base Reaction

Answer 17

HA(aq) + BOH(aq) –> H2O(l) + BA(aq or s)

Question 18

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reaction)

Answer 18

reactions where electrons are transferred form one substance to another

Question 19

Oxidation (OIL)

Answer 19

the loss of electron, accompanied by the increase in oxidation state (OS)

Question 20

Reduction (RIG)

Answer 20

the gain of electron, accompanied by the decrease in oxidation state (OS)

Question 21

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 21

the substance that is being reduced and causes the oxidation of another substance

Question 22

Reducing Agent

Answer 22

the substance that is being oxidized and causes the reduction of another substance

Question 23

Stoichiometry

Answer 23

describes the numerical relationships between the amounts of reactants and produces in a balanced chemical equation

Question 24

Limiting Reactant (LR)

Answer 24

the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of desired product

Question 25

Excess Reactant (ER)

Answer 25

any reactant that occurs in a quantity greater than what is required to completely reaction with LR

Question 26

Theoretical Yield (TY)

Answer 26

maximum amount of desired product that can be made by the amount of LR --> ALWAYS determined through calculations

Question 27

Actual Yield (AY)

Answer 27

the amount of desired product that is actually produced in a chemical reaction under experimental conditions

Question 28

Percent Yield (PY)

Answer 28

(AY/TY) x 100%

Question 29

Equivalence Point

Answer 29

the point (volume) at which the amount of acid is stoichiometrically equal to the amount of base in solution

Question 30

Energy

Answer 30

the capacity to supply heat or do work

Question 31

Heat

Answer 31

the energy transfer that occurs as a result of temperature difference

Question 32

Work

Answer 32

the energy transfer that occurs as a result of unbalanced faces

Question 33

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Answer 33

the energy associated with motion of the object

Question 34

Thermal Energy

Answer 34

a form of KE that is associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules

Question 35

Potential Energy (PE)

Answer 35

the energy associated with position or composition of an object

Question 36

Chemical Energy

Answer 36

a form of PE that is associated with relative positions

Question 37

Law of Conservation of Energy

Answer 37

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred from one form to another

Question 38

System

Answer 38

the portion of the universe that is under investigation

Question 39

Surroundings

Answer 39

everything that exists outside the system

Question 40

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 40

the total energy of the universe (ie. internal energy) is constant

Question 41

Internal Energy (U)

Answer 41

the sum of all KE and PE of every component of the system

Question 42

State Function

Answer 42

a function whose values depend only on the state of the system, not on how the system arrived at the state examples: -internal energy -enthalpy -volume -temperature -pressure -altitude

Question 42

Thermal Equilibrium

Answer 42

the point at which there is no additional net transfer of heat between a system and its surroundings (the amount of heat lost by one substance must be equal to the amount of heat gained by the other)

Question 42

Pressure-Volume Work

Answer 42

the work that occurs when a volume change takes place against external pressure

Question 43

Exothermic Process

Answer 43

a process that absorbs heat from its surrounding

Question 43

Hess's Law

Answer 43

if a chemical equation can be expressed as the sum of a series of steps, the delta H(rxn) for the overall reaction is equal to the sum of delta H(rxn) for the individual steps

Question 43

Endothermic Process

Answer 43

a process that releases heat into the surrounding

Question 44

Gas at Standard State

Answer 44

pure gas at pressure of 1 atm

Question 45

Solid or Liquid at Standard State

Answer 45

pure substance in its most stable form at 1 pressure of 1 atm and temperature of interest (usually) 25 degrees celsius

Question 46

Solution at Standard State

Answer 46

solution at concentration of 1M