Exam 2 Flashcards
(254 cards)
1
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Gram + or Gram -?
A
Gram +
2
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Species affected?
A
ruminants
3
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Associated with:
A
CNS infection in ruminants, septicemia in monogastrics, abortion in ruminants
4
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Shape
A
Rod
5
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Aerobe/Anaerobe?
A
Facultative anaerobe
6
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
intra/extracellular?
A
facultative intracellular
7
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
predisposing factors?
A
nutritional deficiency, immunosuppression, pregnancy. poor quality feed, high environmental load
8
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
entry
A
most commonly by ingestion. infrequently by inhalation
9
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
encounter
A
endogenous: carried in the intestinal tract of many animals
exogenous: soil, decaying vegetation, contaminated feed
10
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Testing
A
aerobic culture, PCR
11
Q
Listeria monocytogenes:
Tx
A
Abx: penecillin and tetracyclines. Supportive care.
12
Q
Streptococcus suis:
species/age associated
A
pigs, usually between 3-12 weeks of age, but all ages susceptible
13
Q
Streptococcus suis:
Gram + or Gram -
A
Gram +
14
Q
Streptococcus suis:
shape
A
cocci in chains
15
Q
Streptococcus suis:
aerobe/anaerobe?
A
facultative anaerobe
16
Q
Streptococcus suis:
intra/extracellular
A
extracellular
17
Q
Streptococcus suis: found as a part of the ? of mucous membranes and GI tract
A
microbiota
18
Q
Streptococcus suis:
alpha or beta hemolytic?
A
alpha hemolytic
19
Q
Streptococcus suis:
encounter
A
endogenous: many pigs carry it in the tonsils and nasal cavity
Exogenous: introduction of carrier pigs, fomite transmission
19
Q
Streptococcus suis:
entry
A
inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with carriers
20
Q
Streptococcus suis:
testing
A
aerobic culture, PCR, may consider antimicrobial susceptibilty testing
21
Q
Streptococcus suis:
Tx
A
abx therapy: penicillin or ampicillin. Supportive care. Reduce stress.
22
Q
Streptococcus suis:
prevention
A
stress mitigation, hygeine. No commercial Vx available
23
Q
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
alpha or beta hemolytic?
A
beta hemolytic
24
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
causative agent of?
equine strangles
25
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
affected species?
equine
26
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
gram + or gram -
Gram +
27
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
shape
cocci in chains
28
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
aerobe/anaerobe?
facultative anaerobe
29
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
30
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
encounter
exogenous: contact with horses with active Dz
31
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
normal flora?
NO
32
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
entry
inhalation, ingestion, direct contact, fomite transmission
33
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
Testing
PCR, Aerobic culture, SeM ELISA
34
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
Tx
supportive care. Abx therapy is controversial.
35
Streptococcus equi subsp equi:
prevention
Vx, quarantine of new additions, isolation in affected horses
36
Yersenia pestis:
causative agent of?
plague
37
Yersenia pestis:
species associated
companion animals (mostly cats) and wildlife
38
Yersenia pestis:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
39
Yersenia pestis:
Shape
Rod
40
Yersenia pestis:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
41
Yersenia pestis:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
42
Yersenia pestis:
encounter
exogenous: contact with rodent fleas or infected rodents. soil contaminated with bacteria
43
Plague is maintained in a **?** cycle between **? and ?**
maintained in a sylvatic cycle between rodents and rodent fleas
44
Yersenia pestis:
entry
inhalation, percutaneous (flea bites, cuts, wounds)
45
Yersenia pestis:
Testing
PCR, aerobic culture
46
Yersenia pestis:
Tx
Aminoglocosides, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones, supportive care
47
Yersenia pestis:
prevention
avoid rodent areas in endemic areas, environmental hygeine, insect repellent, PPE, know geographic risk!
48
Francisella tularensis:
causative agent of?
tularemia
49
Francisella tularensis:
species affected?
most common in rodents and lagomorphs. also in cats.
50
Francisella tularensis:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
51
Francisella tularensis:
shape
rod
52
Francisella tularensis:
aerobe/anaerobe?
facultative anaerobe
53
Francisella tularensis:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
54
Francisella tularensis:
encounter
exogenous: contact with infected rodents and lagomorphs. contact with water and soil contaminated carcasses. contact with arthropods
55
Francisella tularensis:
entry
arthropod bites, ingestion, inhalation, direct contact
56
Francisella tularensis:
minimally or highly infectious?
highly infectious (
57
Francisella tularensis:
clinical signs
fever, lymphadenopathy, lethargy
58
Francisella tularensis:
Testing
Aerobic culture (**chocolate agar!**), PCR, serology
59
Francisella tularensis:
Tx
usually only pursued in cats and dogs. Antimicrobial therapy (gentamycin, doxy, fluoroquinolones), supportive care.
60
Francisella tularensis:
prevention:
avoid rodent/rabbits in endemic areas. Environmental hygeine, insect repellent, PPE, know geographic location!
61
Bacillus anthracis:
causative agent of
anthrax
62
Bacillus anthracis:
species affected
ruminants (but zoonotic!)
63
Bacillus anthracis:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram +
64
Bacillus anthracis:
shape
rod
65
Bacillus anthracis:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate aerobe
66
Bacillus anthracis:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
67
Bacillus anthracis:
encounter
exogenous: spore contaminated soils/food and water. Geography: certain soil conditions maintain B. anthracis
68
Bacillus anthracis:
entry
ingestion, inhalation, percutaneous
69
Bacillus anthracis:
clinical signs
peracute septicemia, peracute death, unclotted blood, lack of rigor
70
Bacillus anthracis:
Tx
antibacterial agents (penicillin, tetracyclines)
71
Bacillus anthracis:
Prevention
Vx in endemic area (strain lacks pOX2 encoding capsule), proper disposal of carcasses, post-exposure prophylaxis, PPE
72
Mycobacteria:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram +, Acid Fast +
73
Mycobacteria:
shape
rod
74
Mycobacteria:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate aerobe
75
Mycobacteria:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
76
Mycobacteria:
testing
Caudal fold test
77
Mycoplasma:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram + (NO CELL WALL!)
78
Mycoplasma:
shape
pleiomorphic (can have many shapes)
79
Mycoplasma:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
80
Mycoplasma:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
81
Mycoplasma:
Tx limitation?
cannot use Beta Lactams! they act to inhibit cell wall synthesis
82
Clostridium botulinum:
causative agent of
botulism, flaccid paralysis
83
Clostridium botulinum:
species affected
wild birds, horses, ruminants, mink, foxes. Dogs, cats and pigs are resistant!
84
Clostridium botulinum:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram +
85
Clostridium botulinum:
shape
large rod
86
Clostridium botulinum:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate anaerobe
87
Clostridium botulinum:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
88
Clostridium botulinum:
encounter
exogenous: aquatic enviros and soil contaminated with vegetative cells, spores, and toxin. rotting plant and animal matter contaminated with vegetaive cells, spores, and toxin.
89
Clostridium botulinum:
entry
ingestion, introduction into wounds
90
Clostridium botulinum:
Dx
mainly based off of clinical signs: absence of fever,muscular incoordination, mydriasis, dysphagia, **flaccid paralysis**
91
Clostridium botulinum:
testing
mouse bioassay to detect toxin, ELISA, Anaerobic culture or PCR if toxicoinfectious form is suspected
92
Clostridium botulinum:
Tx
Antitoxin (will not impact bound toxin), supportive care. May is antimicrobials for toxicoinfectious cases.
93
Clostridium botulinum:
prevention
Toxoid Vx in high-risk species, proper food preservation, carcass management on farms. difficult in wild birds.
94
Clostridium tetani:
causative agent of
tetanus, spastic paraylsis
95
Clostridium tetani:
species affected
all mammals susceptible, but there are varying levels. horses and humans more susceptible.
96
Clostridium tetani:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram +
97
Clostridium tetani:
shape
large rod
98
Clostridium tetani:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate anaerobe
99
Clostridium tetani:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
100
Clostridium tetani:
encounter
exogenous: found in soil, can be found transiently in the intestines or horses and other animals
101
Clostridium tetani:
Entry
penetrating injuries, Sx, injections, invasive procedures, shearing, postpartum uterine infection, umbilical infections, small animal fights.....
102
Clostridium tetani:
Dx
based on wound or Hx of recent infections.
103
Clostridium tetani:
Testing
Anaerobic culture or PCR can be performed but not necessary in most cases.
104
Clostridium tetani:
Tx:
Antitoxin (won't impact bound toxin), wound care, Abx therapy (penicillin, metronidazole), sedatives and muscle relaxants, supportive care
105
Clostridium tetani:
prevention
toxoid vaccination for highly susceptible species (equine, ruminants, humans), proper wound cleaning and dressing, aseptic surgical procedures +/- prophylactic antitoxin after Sx
106
Anaplasma marginale:
member of
Rickettsiales
107
Anaplasma marginale:
causative agent of
bovine anaplasmosis
108
Anaplasma marginale:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
109
Anaplasma marginale:
shape
coccoid to short rod
110
Anaplasma marginale:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate aerobe
111
Anaplasma marginale:
intra/extracellular
obligate intracellular
112
Anaplasma marginale:
encounter
exogenous: geographic area of dermacentor tick vector. chronic, subclincally infected animals.
113
Anaplasma marginale:
entry
tick bites, flea bites, iatrogenic
114
Anaplasma marginale:
Testing
serology (ELISA), PCR of whole blood or tissue. Blood smear to look for organism in erythrocytes (will be in the outer margin!)
115
Anaplasma marginale:
Tx
Oxytetracycline (less successful the lower the PVC), chlortetracycline, supportive care
116
Anaplasma marginale:
prevention
allow cattle to become naturally infected at a young age. No vx
117
Anaplasma marginale:
predisposing factors
adult animals >3 years most susceptible to severe Dz
118
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
member of
Rickettsiales
119
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
causative agent of
Salmon Poisoning Disease
120
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
species affected
dogs, wild canids, raccoons, bears
121
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
122
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
shape
coccoid to short rod
123
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
aerobe/anerobe
obligate aerobe
124
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
intra/extracellular
obligate intracellular
125
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
encounter
exogenous: complicated, found in the fluke Nanophyetus salmincola which has a snail and fish intermediate host
126
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
entry
ingestion of uncooked or undercooked infected fish tissue
127
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
testing
parasitology including fecal float and sedimentation. PCR (not usually performed on feces)
128
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
tx
doxycyline for bacterial infection, praziquantal for fluke infection. supportive care
129
Neorickettsia helminthoeca:
prevention
do not feed uncooked or undercooked fish!
130
Rickettsia rickettsia:
causative agent of
Rocky mountain spotted fever
131
Rickettsia rickettsia:
affected species
dogs and humans
132
Rickettsia rickettsia:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
133
Rickettsia rickettsia:
shape
coccoid to short rod
134
Rickettsia rickettsia:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate aerobe
135
Rickettsia rickettsia:
intra/extracellular
obligate intracellular
136
Rickettsia rickettsia:
encounter:
exogenous: infected dermacentor ticks
137
Rickettsia rickettsia:
entry
tick bite. conjunctival route, could be passed thru contact in a lab environment
138
Rickettsia rickettsia:
testing
Ab titer testing, PCR, culture not routinely done
139
Rickettsia rickettsia:
Tx
Antimicrobial therapy (doxycycline), supportive care
140
Rickettsia rickettsia:
prevention
use of acaricides, avoidance of tick habitats
141
Borrelia burgdorferi:
causative agent of
Lyme Dz
142
Borrelia burgdorferi:
affected species
dogs, horses, people
143
Borrelia burgdorferi:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
144
Borrelia burgdorferi:
shape
spirochete
145
Borrelia burgdorferi:
aerobe/anaerobe
micro-aerophilic
146
Borrelia burgdorferi:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
147
Borrelia burgdorferi:
encounter
exogenous: infected ticks. Maintined in a sylvatic cycle between ticks, rodents, birds, and larger wild animals. maintained in tick **transtadially**
148
Borrelia burgdorferi:
entry
Tick bite - tick must be attached for > 24 hrs for efficient transmission
149
Borrelia burgdorferi:
testing
Serology most common.
150
Borrelia burgdorferi:
Tx
antimicrobial therapy (doxy), supportive care depending on site affected
151
Borrelia burgdorferi:
prevention
Vx (dog only), tick control, avoidance of tick habitat
152
Borrelia burgdorferi Vx
against OspA or Osp A & Osp C
153
Borrelia burgdorferi:
Osp A is found ?
how does this affect the Vx?
in the tick, so Ab in the Vx interacts with the bacteria in the tick
154
Mannheimia Haemolytica:
member of what resp disease complex?
BRDC
bovine
155
Mannheimia Haemolytica:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
156
Mannheimia Haemolytica:
shape
rod
157
Mannheimia Haemolytica:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
158
Mannheimia Haemolytica:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
159
BRDC testing
aerobic culture, antimicrobial susceptibilty testing is recommended, PCR, serology available for viral pathogens
160
BRDC Tx
Antimicrobial therapy
161
BRDC Prevention
Vx for bacterial and viral resp pathogens, avoid co-mingling, reduce stress, adequate nutrition, air quality
162
PRDC Testing
Aerobic culture, PCR. important to look for all agents of PRDC in pneumonia work-up
163
PRDC Tx
Antimicrobial therapy
164
PRDC prevention
Vx for bacterial and viral pathogens, all-in/all-out production, avoid co-mingling, reduce stress, adequate nutrition, air quality
165
CIRDC/FRDC Testing
Aerobic culture, PCR. Important to look for all agents of CIRDC/FRDC in pneumonia work-ups
166
CIRDC/FRDC Tx
most are mild and do not need abx therapy. for pneumonia: tetracyclines, flouroquinolones, beta-lactams (not for mycoplasma!)
167
CIRDC/FRDC prevention
Vx for viral and bacterial diseases. Avoid co-mingling. Hygeine. Adequate Nutrition. Reduce stress. Air quiality.
168
Bordetella bronchiseptica:
component of
PRDC, CIRDC, FRDC
169
Bordetella bronchiseptica:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
170
Bordetella bronchiseptica:
shape
short rod
171
Bordetella bronchiseptica:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate aerobe
172
Bordetella bronchiseptica:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
173
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae:
component of
PRDC
174
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
175
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae:
shape
rod
176
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
177
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
178
Equine Resp Disease components
Bacteria: streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, actinobacillus equuli. Viral: equine herpesvirus-1 or 4, equine influenza virus
179
Rhodococcus equi:
species/age
foals 1-6 mo (can cause abscesses in ruminants and pigs)
180
Rhodococcus equi:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram +
181
Rhodococcus equi:
shape
short rod to coccobacilli
182
Rhodococcus equi:
aerobe/anaerobe
obligate anaerobe
183
Rhodococcus equi:
intra/extracellular
facultative intracellular
184
Rhodococcus equi:
encounter
found in the soil and can be found on most farms. soil contaminate with horse or farm animal manure promotes growth
185
Rhodococcus equi:
entry
ingestion or inhalation
186
Rhodococcus equi:
Tx
foals with small lesions and no clinical signs may spontanously cure w/o Tx. Abx therapy. Supportive care
187
Rhodococcus equi:
prevention
No vx. Early detection of clinical infection. reduction of environmental load thru manure managment. decrease animal density.
188
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
component of
avian resp disease
189
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
causative agent of
infectious coryza
190
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
species/age
chickens of all ages, but susceptibilty increases with age
191
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
192
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
shape
short rod
193
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
194
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
195
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
testing
Aerobic culture (**chocolate agar!**), PCR
196
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
Tx
Antimicrobial Tx (tetracyclines, macrolides)
197
Avibacterium paragallinarum:
prevention
Vx, all-in/all-out, hygeine, stress reduction
198
Chlaymydia psittaci:
infectious form?
elementary body
199
Chlaymydia psittaci:
replicative form?
Reticulate body
200
Chlaymydia psittaci:
persistent form?
aberrant body
201
Chlaymydia psittaci:
causative agent of
psittacosis in humans
202
Chlaymydia psittaci:
species affected
wild and domestic avian species (but zoonotic!)
203
Chlaymydia psittaci:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
204
Chlaymydia psittaci:
shape
short rod to coccoid
205
Chlaymydia psittaci:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
206
Chlaymydia psittaci:
intra/extracellular
obligate intracellular
207
Chlaymydia psittaci:
encounter
exogenous: subclinical carrier birds shed bacteria in resp secretions and feces
208
Chlaymydia psittaci:
entry
inhalation. can be ingested
209
Chlaymydia psittaci:
testing
PCR preferred
210
Chlaymydia psittaci:
Tx
antimicrobial therapy (tetracyclines)
211
Chlaymydia psittaci:
prevention
No Vx. All-in/All-out. Hygeine. Stress reduction.
212
Leptospira:
Gram + or Gram -
Gram -
213
Leptospira:
shape
spirochete (spiral shaped)
214
Leptospira:
aerobe/anaerobe
facultative anaerobe
215
Leptospira:
intra/extracellular
extracellular
216
Leptospira:
encounter
exogneous: contact with urine, contaminated soil, water/wet areas
217
Leptospira:
entry
penetration of damaged skin, penetration of mucous membranes, commonly oral conjunctival
218
Leptospira:
Testing
serology - but must know Vx status, microagglutation (MAT), SNAP, culture, PCR - recommended direct detection method.
219
Leptospira:
Tx
doxy, supportive care
220
Leptospira:
prevention
Vx!! avoidance of high risk enviros.
221
uncomplicated cystitis
AKA sporadic. generally occuring one or a few times over the lifetime of a healthy animal (1-2 times/year)
222
complicated cystitis
may happen 3+ times a year. known predisposing factors for bacterial infection.
223
dogs are more likely to have **complicated/uncomplicated** infections
uncomplicated
224
cats are more likely to have **complicated/uncomplicated** infections
complicated
225
cystitis encounter
endogenous: bacteria associated with cystitis are part of the lower urogenital and enteric flora
226
cystitis entry
ascending infection to the bladder
227
>50% of UTIs in companion animals are from
E. coli (gram negative enteric)
228
Pyelonephritis
infection of the kidney. generally caused by the same bacteria associated with cystitis (E. coli!!)
229
Mycobacteria replication time
SLOW! 12 hours
230
Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of
bovine tuberculosis
231
Diagnosing bovine tuberculosis
caudal fold test
232
Mycobacterium lepraemurium is the causative agent of
canine and feline leprosy
233
mycobacterium smegmatis (soil saphrophytes): the causative agent of
ulcerative dermatitis
234
Mycobacterium aviam ssp. paratuberculosis: causative agent of
Johne's Dz
235
Mycobacterium aviam ssp. paratuberculosis:
predisposition
young cattle
236
Mycobacterium aviam ssp. paratuberculosis: encounter
fecal-oral, infection in utero
237
Mycobacterium aviam ssp. paratuberculosis: diagnosis
Serology, PCR, Direct microscopy
238
Mycobacterium aviam ssp. paratuberculosis Vaccine negative effect:
will affect M. Bovis testing!
239
Mycoplamsa haemofelis encounter/entry
blood to blood contact: vector borne, animal fights, blood transfusion
240
non-hemotrophic mycoplasma encounter
host commensals
241
Most common age reange for Streptococcus suis infection in pigs?
3-12 weeks
242
Which is not a typical clinical sign of S. Suid infection in pigs?
A. fever
B. lameness
C. Neurologic signs
D. Diarrhea
D. Diarrhea
243
Which of the following is a rare, severe manifestation of streptococcus equi subsp equi infection?
A. Strangles
B. Bastard Strangles
C. Rhinitis
D. Pharyngitis
B. Bastard Strangles
244
Which member of the Pasteurellacea family causes Glassers disease in pigs?
A. Pasteurella multicoda
B. Mannheimina Haemolytica
C. Glasserella parasuis
D. Actinobacillus equuli
C. Glasserella parasuis
245
What is the causative agent of sleepy foal disease?
A. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
B. Actinobacilllus equuli subsp. equuli
C. Rhodococcus equi
D. Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Actinobacilllus equuli subsp. equuli
246
Which protein allows Listeria monocytogenes to pass from cell to cell, avoiding host immunity?
ActA
247
see chains of "boxcar" shaped organisms with pink capsule
Bacillus anthracis
248
which bacteria physically blocks the proventriculus of the rodent flea.
Y. pestis
249
which bacteria replicates in erythrocytes?
Anaplasma marginale
250
Which bacteria releases Leukotoxin?
What type of toxin is Leukotoxin? (endo/exo)
Mannheimia haemolytica
exotoxin
251
Which bacteria releases ApxI and ApxII (exotoxins)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
252
253
Rhodococcus equi
?? and the plasmid itself must be present for Dz to occur in foals
VapA
