exam 2

Question 1

what are the four main agents of socialization

Answer 1

family, school, peers, mass/social media

Question 2

process of socialization in which a person rehearses

Answer 2

Anticipatory socialization

Question 3

an aspect of the socialization process within some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.

Answer 3

degradation ceremony

Question 4

the division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities

Answer 4

Double consciousness

Question 5

a view of social interaction, popularized by Erving Goffman, in which people are seen as theatrical performers

Answer 5

Dramaturgical approach

Question 6

a term used by Erving Goffman to referring to the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment.

Answer 6

Face-work

Question 7

Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of men and women.

Answer 7

Gender role

Question 8

a term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in their behavior.

Answer 8

Generalized other

Question 9

a concept used by Charles Horton Cooley that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions

Answer 9

Looking-glass self

Question 10

the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life.

Answer 10

Resocialization

Question 11

a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social position to another.

Answer 11

Rite of passage

Question 12

The process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint.

Answer 12

Role taking

Question 13

according to George Herbert Mead, a distinct identity that sets us apart from others.

Answer 13

self

Question 14

Mead’s stages of self (preparatory, play, and game stages)

Answer 14

preparatory: children imitate those around them.
play: child pretend to be the people (role playing)
game: consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously

Question 15

A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to an individual who is most important in the development of the self, such as a parent, friend, or teacher.

Answer 15

Significant other

Question 16

the lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.

Answer 16

Socialization

Question 17

A term coined by Erving Goffman to refer to an institution that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority, such as prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent.

Answer 17

Total institution

Question 18

a social position that a person attains largely through their own efforts.

Answer 18

Achieved status

Question 19

a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society.

Answer 19

Alienation

Question 20

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics.

Answer 20

Ascribed Status

Question 21

a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.

Answer 21

Bureaucracy

Question 22

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

Answer 22

Bureaucratization

Question 23

a term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members.

Answer 23

Gemeinschaft

Question 24

a term used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values.

Answer 24

Gesellschaft

Question 25

any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis.

Answer 25

group

Question 26

a construct or model for evaluating specific cases.

Answer 26

Ideal type

Question 27

any group or category to which people feel they belong.

Answer 27

In-group

Question 28

a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society.

Answer 28

Master status

Question 29

a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor.

Answer 29

Mechanical solidarity

Question 30

a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor.

Answer 30

Organic solidarity

Question 31

a group category to which people feel they do not belong.

Answer 31

Out-group

Question 32

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.

Answer 32

Primary group

Question 33

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.

Answer 33

Reference group

Question 34

the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social position held by the same person.

Answer 34

Role conflict

Question 35

the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations.

Answer 35

Role strain

Question 36

a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

Answer 36

Secondary group

Question 37

an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.

Answer 37

Social institution:

Question 38

a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position.

Answer 38

Social role

Question 39

the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.

Answer 39

Social structure

Question 40

a term used by sociologists to refer to any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society.

Answer 40

Status

Question 41

a person of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

Answer 41

Culture lag

Question 42

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries.

Answer 42

Digital divide

Question 43

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Answer 43

Dominant ideology

Question 44

the process by which a relatively small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience.

Answer 44

Gatekeeping

Question 45

the practice of buying more that we need or want, and often more than we can afford a preoccupation of postmodern consumers.

Answer 45

Hyper consumerism

Question 46

reporting that is highly local and typically internet-based.

Answer 46

Hyper-local media

Question 47

a social media user who has established credibility in a specific industry, such as fashion or electronics or toys.

Answer 47

Influencer

Question 48

print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences.

Answer 48

Mass media

Question 49

the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue.

Answer 49

Narcotizing dysfunction

Question 50

a yearly report that measures how well countries use information and communications technology to improve their competitiveness and societal well-being.

Answer 50

network readiness index

Question 51

websites and online applications that enable people to create and share content or to participate in social networking.

Answer 51

Social media

Question 52

an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group.

Answer 52

Stereotype

Question 53

Conflict perspective on mass and social

Answer 53

media reflect and exacerbate many of the divisions in our society and world, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, and social class.

Question 54

Feminist perspective on mass and social-especially misrepresentation and differential impact on women

Answer 54

share view with conflict theorists that the mass media stereotype and misrepresent social reality.

Question 55

Functionalist perspective on mass and social

Answer 55

the function of media is to entertain, the purpose is to socialize us, enforce social norms, confer status, and promote consumption.

Question 56

Interactionist perspective on mass and social- social capital and social networks

Answer 56

describe media as social capital.