exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
moderately tolerant, fast growing, short-lived pioneer of floodplains and urban areas on wide range of substrates
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
2
Q
aggressively basal sprouts when main stem is cut
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
3
Q
most commonly occurring maple in US although rarely planted, and most geographically distributed, occurring in nearly all states and into Central America
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
4
Q
has many structural problems and no ornamental attributes so should not be planted as street or shade tree
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
5
Q
has limited commercial value beyond fire wood
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
6
Q
like all maples, can be tapped for syrup but inferior to sugar and black maples
A
Acer negundo (boxelder)
7
Q
moderately tolerant, fast-growing, moderately long-lived tree on widest range of site conditions that exist in eastern U.S., from permanently flooded to dry ridges, typically not dominating anywhere although often most abundant in swamps
A
Acer rubrum (red maple)
8
Q
a “soft” maple, producing seeds that mature in early summer and germinate without pretreatment
A
Acer rubrum (red maple)
9
Q
prolific basal sprouter when cut or damaged
A
Acer rubrum (red maple)
10
Q
abundance has greatly increased past few decades due to fire suppression and timber harvesting
A
Acer rubrum (red maple)
11
Q
quality of wood varies greatly based on site conditions. Exceptional ornamental for the landscape because of its flower and fruit display (red), fall color, form, and modest stature
A
Acer rubrum (red maple)
12
Q
intolerant to moderately tolerant, very fast-growing, short-lived but large pioneer of floodplains
A
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)
13
Q
one of most commonly planted street trees despite its many problems (brittle wood, hollow stems, shallow root systems that heave sidewalks) and few ornamental attributes - not recommended as street tree and not allowed to be planted along streets in some communities
A
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)
14
Q
Freeman maple (Acer xfreemanii) is a naturally occurring hybrid between red and silver maple and a good alternative for urban plantings, typically having nice fall color and not as many structural problems
A
Acer saccharinum (silver maple)
15
Q
is a “pecan hickory” (Apocarya), a section of Carya that has fruit that are winged along fruit sutures and valvate (vs. imbricate) buds
A
Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory)
16
Q
the most abundant and uniformly distributed hickory, occurring on a wide ranges of sites but thriving on moist but well drained soils
A
Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory)
17
Q
wood an important source of lumber, pulp, and firewood and the fruit is bitter
A
Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory)
18
Q
moderately shade tolerant, probably lives longer than generally assumed max longevity of about 300 years
A
Carya ovata (Shagbark hickory)
19
Q
can persist in understory for a long time but needs canopy gap to grow into maturity
A
Carya ovata (Shagbark hickory)
20
Q
although best growth in on bottomland soils (along streams) it is the most drought tolerant carya species
A
Carya ovata (Shagbark hickory)
21
Q
one of fastest growing hickories but still relatively slow growing
A
Carya ovata (Shagbark hickory)
22
Q
nut important for wildlife, delicious for people, wood hard, used for tool handles and excellent for smoking food
A
Carya ovata (Shagbark hickory)
23
Q
moderate in shade tolerance, growth rate, and longevity and tolerating wide range of soils from wet to dry, and everything in between, often on calcareous soils derived from limestone
A
Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry)
24
Q
wood used for paneling, furniture, boxes and plywood. Tree planted in landscape but having limited ornamental appeal
A
Celtis occidentalis (Common Hackberry)
25
tolerant, slow-growing subcanopy species that is rather site-demanding due to shallow root system
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
26
along with eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) dominating the understory on mesic sites and resulting in quite a flower display in spring where not damaged by disease
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
27
too small for commercial timber use but an outstanding ornamental for the landscape - does not tolerate streetside conditions or heavy clay soils in full sun
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
28
highly susceptible to fungus that causes anthracnose disease, killing this species across its range
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
29
has been hybridized with the Chinese dogwood (C. kousa), the resulting cultivars being disease resistant
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood)
30
tolerant, slow-growing, drought-tolerant tree that is quite variable in stature, depending on whether a root sprout or seed origin, and whether site is wet to dry
Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)
31
a large tree on bottomland soils and thicket-forming smaller stems from root sprouts - often along fence rows where seeds are dispersed by wildlife and in old fields
Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)
32
very hard, dark wood once the source of wood for golf club drivers
Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)
33
produces one of best-tasting fruits of North American tree species
Diospyros virginiana (Common persimmon)
34
moderately shade tolerant, fast growing pioneer on old fields or below gaps in the forest canopy
Fraxinus americana (White ash)
35
seeds live for years in the soil, resulting in substantial seed bank that is released following disturbance
Fraxinus americana (White ash)
36
Site sensitive in that it doesn't tolerate drought or flooded conditions
Fraxinus americana (White ash)
37
Baseball bats once made nearly exclusively from white ash
Fraxinus americana (White ash)
38
once an outstanding timber and ornamental species, now being devastated by the emerald ash borer across its entire range
Fraxinus americana (White ash)
39
intolerant, fast-growing, moderately long lived pioneer on wide range of sites including floodplains, old fields, limestone barrens
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
40
one of the most commonly planted landscape trees, including city scapes, because of its drought, heat, salinity and other tolerances. Most individuals are cultivars that are thornless and male, and often with interesting foliage
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
41
produces root suckers (that will have prolific thorns)
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
42
although a legume, not a nitrogen-fixer
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
43
not native to Northeast or east of Appalachians but widely naturalized in these regions today
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust)
44
also known as white walnut (referring to ashy-white bark, the meaning of "cinerea")
Juglans cinerea (butternut)
45
ecologically similar to black walnut (intolerant) except occurs on much wider range of site conditions including wetter and drier, Least site sensitive of juglone
Juglans cinerea (butternut)
46
more commonly encountered in NYS although canker disease has greatly reduced its abundance
Juglans cinerea (butternut)
47
allelopathic, like black walnut
Juglans cinerea (butternut)
48
fast growing, intolerant pioneer on deep, rich, moist but well drained soils. Only moderately long-lived to about 200+ years
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
49
Most valuable hardwood in North America. Wood is strong, durable, dark brown and used for trophies, gun stocks, fine furniture, veneer
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
50
often grown in plantations to produce sawlogs in as little as 40 years (vs. 80+)
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
51
famous for producing "juglone", an alleochemic that supposedly damages plants in the Solanaceae (e.g., tomatoes), Pinaceae, and species in other families
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
52
thousand cankers disease (caused by an insect and fungal pathogen) is threatening species
Juglans nigra (black walnut)
53
intolerant, slow-growing, long-lived (to over 800 years!) pioneer of impoverished sites - an aggressive pioneer on infertile, acidic, sandy soils or alkaline limestone barrens
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
54
often one of few species that dominates old-fields and pasturelands
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
55
only conifer species that occurs in all portions of the Central Hardwood Forest Region
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
56
wood is aromatic, durable in contact with the soil, and resistant to moths
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
57
many cultivars available for landscape use
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
58
alternate host for cedar-apple rust
Juniperus virginiana (eastern redcedar)
59
intolerant, fast-growing pioneer of disturbed sites that are moist, well drained. Best growth on cove soils that are moist but well-drained, fertile
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
60
dominates after disturbance (especially clearcutting or abandonment of agriculture) from numerous, widely dispersed and long-lived seeds in soil seedbank, because of its large size, can create its own gap for regeneration
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
61
although seeds produced in significant numbers, seed viability is typically low
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
62
a valuable timber species. Although various common names refer to "poplar" it is not related to Populus but has relatively soft wood and brittle branches like those of Populus species
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
63
state tree of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee
Liriodendron tulipifera (yellow poplar)
64
moderately tolerant, fast-growing pioneer in central and southern Appalachians. Best growth on cove soils that are moist but well-drained, fertile
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumbertree)
65
largest and most cold hardy of native magnolias, many species multistemmed, subcanopy trees
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumbertree)
66
tolerant (root sprouts) to moderately tolerant (saplings), slow growing, long-lived species on wide range of soils from flooded to quite dry
Nyssa sylvatica (black gum)
67
Produces basal and root sprouts, the latter resulting in dense thickets
Nyssa sylvatica (black gum)
68
limited commercial timber value but trees are often hollow, providing habitat to many wildlife species
Nyssa sylvatica (black gum)
69
attractive medium-size shade tree with outstanding fall color and form but not tolerant of salinity
Nyssa sylvatica (black gum)
70
tolerant, slow-growing, subcanopy species especially on drier, rocky sites
Ostrya virginiana (American hop hornbeam)
71
often confused with American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), especially when young but American hornbeam has a smooth but fluted bark, smaller buds, and usually on sites that are more moist
Ostrya virginiana (American hop hornbeam)
72
intolerant pioneer on dry, infertile, acidic, sandy or rocky barrens, usually with dry site oaks and often with gray birch
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
73
the dominant pine of pine barrens
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
74
highly variable in stature depending on site quality, from barely over head high on the most barren soils to decent size and form on best soils
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
75
one of few conifers that can basal sprout. Also sprouts along the bole (epicormics shoots) after canopy removed by fire
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
76
regarded as a fire climax (cone persistent but NOT serotinous)
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
77
more ecologically than economically important, the wood used for lumber and pulp
Pinus rigida (pitch pine)
78
moderately tolerant to intolerant, long-lived pioneer on floodplains and any moist substrate in adequate light
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
79
one of tallest and largest of all hardwoods in the U.S.
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
80
a prolific basal sprouter
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
81
wood used for lumber, veneer, and pulp. Windshakes can reduce wood value
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
82
trees often grown in plantations for biomass production
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
83
planted as ornamental but too large for most street plantings and susceptible to anthracnose (fungal disease) which can kill some individuals. London planetree (P. xacerifolia = P. occidentalis x P. orientalis) not damaged by anthracnose and often planted instead
Platanus occidentalis (sycamore)
84
intolerant, fast-growing, short-lived pioneer of floodplains, maturing at young age
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
85
fastest growing tree in North America?
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
86
attains large size (diameter and height), one of tallest hardwoods in North America
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
87
this species and its hybrids are grown in plantations for pulp and biomass production because of size and geographical distribution
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
88
The state tree of Kansas and Nebraska
Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood)
89
moderately shade tolerant, fast growing, moderately long lived gap species on mesic sites. Responds to disturbance in canopy and if cut by extensive basal sprouting
Prunus serotina (black cherry)
90
long-lived (decades) seeds produce substantial seed bank that germinates following canopy and soil disturbance
Prunus serotina (black cherry)
91
largest of native Prunus species and most important for timber
Prunus serotina (black cherry)
92
wilted foliage fatal to livestock
Prunus serotina (black cherry)
93
wood is highly valued for its color, strength, figuring
Prunus serotina (black cherry)
94
of many species in the white oak subgenus, the most important (abundance and value)
Quercus alba (white oak)
95
moderately shade tolerant (more so when young, less so with increasing age) and more shade tolerant than moderately shade tolerant red oaks
Quercus alba (white oak)
96
although on a wide ranges of sites best growth is on moist but well-drained soils
Quercus alba (white oak)
97
long-lived and fairly slow growing. Climax on dry sites but replaced by mesic species on better sites
Quercus alba (white oak)
98
state tree of Connecticut, Illinois, and Maryland
Quercus alba (white oak)
99
moderately shade tolerant, slow-growing, long-lived. Pioneer of xeric sites because of substantial and deep taproots
Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak)
100
corky twigs believed to be an adaptation for fire resistance where it occurs in Midwestern prairies
Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak)
101
often the only tree in midwestern prairies because of its drought and fire resistance
Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak)
102
wood marketed as "white oak"
Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak)
103
intolerant, fast growing, pioneer on wet sites ("palustris" means swampy)
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
104
common in Midwestern wetlands on clay soils that are flooded in the late winter to spring and dry later in growing season
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
105
shallow root system typical of wetland tree species makes it easy to transplant. One of most common street trees of the Midwest (nice form, fall color)
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
106
commonly develops iron chlorosis on higher pH soils like those in central New York
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
107
wood is knotty (due to abundance of persistent, lower branches) so not as valuable as lumber but an important food (acorns) for waterfowl and other wildlife species
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
108
of the many species in the red oak subgenus, the most important (abundance and value)
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
109
moderately shade tolerant, relatively (for oaks) fast growing, more site sensitive than other oaks here having best growth on lower slopes with moist but well-drained, fertile soils
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
110
wood highly valued for furniture, flooring. Ease of transplanting, nice fall color and form make it a popular landscape tree (as long as site isn't subjected to urban stresses like salinity)
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
111
state tree of New Jersey an provincial tree of Prince Edward Island
Quercus rubra (northern red oak)
112
moderately shade tolerant to intolerant, moderately long-lived
Quercus velutina (black oak)
113
often mixed with many other tree species on a wide range of sites but can dominant dry, sandy sites and rocky ridges because of deep taproot
Quercus velutina (black oak)
114
often with crooked bole, especially on drier sites, affecting its form and use
Quercus velutina (black oak)
115
readily hybridizes with other species in the red oak subgenus
Quercus velutina (black oak)
116
repeated gypsy moth defoliation can kill tree, oak wilt emerging as potentially serious problem
Quercus velutina (black oak)
117
intolerant, fast-growing, moderately long lived pioneer on wide range of sites especially old fields
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
118
significant use to reclaim mined land in Appalachians
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
119
native to southern Appalachians and Ozarks but naturalized throughout Northeast because of extensive planting
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
120
widely planted in Europe as ornamental but not so much in U.S.
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
121
a nitrogen fixer so very competitive on infertile, sandy sites where it outcompetes native pine barren plants
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
122
wood exceptional for fuel. Species grown for biomass and fence posts
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
123
produces significant amount of root suckers, especially when cut
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust)
124
intolerant, fast-growing, short-lived pioneer of floodplains, maturing at young age
Salix nigra (black willow)
125
shallow rooted (a wetland tree), therefore rather moisture demanding
Salix nigra (black willow)
126
shrubby on dry sites but very large on deep, moist to wet soils. Largest native Salix (most are shrub species)
Salix nigra (black willow)
127
wood soft, light, and non-durable - only commercially important species in genus
Salix nigra (black willow)
128
intolerant of seed origin, moderately tolerant if from root suckers. A large tree if seed origin, a contorted thicket of stems if from root suckers
Sassafras albiam (sassafras)
129
produces dense thickets from root suckers, especially along forest edges and fence rows
Sassafras albiam (sassafras)
130
stature and longevity also varies with its geographical range with larger and older trees in Midwest and South
Sassafras albiam (sassafras)
131
aromatic and durable wood. Dried leaves used to thicken gumbo ("file"), dried root bark used to make tea. Historically, various plant parts made into many products
Sassafras albiam (sassafras)
132
occurs on wide range of sites but especially common on old fields and moist woods
Sassafras albiam (sassafras)
133
tolerant, fast-growing, long-lived climax, particularly on limestone-based soils
Tilia americana (American Basswood)
134
more common in western portion of range where it replaces Fagus grandifolia and is a co-dominant with Acer saccharum
Tilia americana (American Basswood)
135
prolific stump sprouter, multiple-stem trees quite common
Tilia americana (American Basswood)
136
an important timber tree, wood prized for cabinets, hand carving, and turning. Highly prized for honey from its flowers. Historically used as source of roping
Tilia americana (American Basswood)
137
moderately shade tolerant, fast growing, once long-lived (prior to two lethal diseases)
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
138
once common in wetlands, especially on floodplains and upland depressions. Common as an urban weed where cutting it results in numerous basal sprouts
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
139
produces seeds at early age, so still somewhat common throughout the landscape but typically not very large
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
140
Dutch elm disease (caused by a fungus) and elm yellows (caused by a phytoplasma) kill American elm, limiting its age and size in most places
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
141
once the most commonly planted street tree in North America and elsewhere because of its large stature of arching branches
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
142
state tree of Massachusetts and North Dakota
Ulmus amèricana (American Elm)
