Exam 2 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Be able to identify important thoracic muscles.
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Be able to identify skeletal structures of the thorax.
Sternum (manubrium, body, sternal angle, xiphoid process)
Ribs (true, false, floating)
Scapula
Be able to identify respiratory structures.
Trachea (right main bronchus, left main bronchus)
Right lung (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)
Be able to identify structures in the root of the lung.
Pulmonary trunk, AKA main pulmonary artery (bring deoxygenated blood to lungs)
Pulmonary veins (return oxygenated blood)
Bronchi (connect lungs and trachea)
What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
What divisions of the autonomic nervous system are associated with the respiratory system?
Parasympathetic “rest and digest”
* bronchoconstriction
* vasodilation
* secretion
Sympathetic “fight or flight”
* bronchodilation
* vasoconstriction
* inhibit secretion
Describe the chambers of the human heart.
2 atria (top)
2 ventricles (bottom)
R side: receive and pump deoxygenated blood
L side: receive and pump oxygenated blood
Be able to identify structures of the right atrium.
R atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the heart.
superior vena cava blood from upper body
inferior vena cava blood from lower body
right atrioventricular (tricuspid valve) 3 flaps that separate atrium/ventricle
Be able to identify structures of the right ventricle.
R ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
chordae tendinae straps papillary muscles/flaps
papillary muscles
interventricular septum separate R/L ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
pulmonary trunk send deox blood to lungs
Be able to identify structures of the left atrium.
L atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.
pulmonary veins carry ox blood from lungs
left atrioventricular (mitral valve) 2 flaps that separate atrium/ventricle
Be able to identify structures of the left ventricle.
L ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
aortic semilunar valve
Be able to identify the coronary arteries.
Oxygenated blood first goes into the coronary artery, since the heart must take care of itself first.
Left main coronary artery
anterior interventricular artery (LAD) “widowmaker” bc supply L ventricle
circumflex branch of left coronary artery supply L. atrium
Right main coronary artery
right marginal branch of R. coronary artery supply R. atrium and SA node (sinoatrial “pacemaker”)
posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery supply both ventricles
Be able to identify structures of the great vessels.
aortic arch umbrella handle
brachiocephalic a.
subclavian a.
Describe the microscopic components of blood.
Blood is connective tissue.
plasma liquid part of blood (makes up 55%) with important proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
erythrocytes (RBCs) transport oxygen and CO2
leukocytes (WBCs) immune cells
thrombocytes (platelets) blood clotting (not technically cells)
In hollow organs, what are the 2 possible outermost layers?
adventitia present in organs surrounded by ONLY connective tissue
(ex- surrounding blood vessels)
serosa present in organ surrounded with connective tissue AND epithelium
(ex- surrounds heart, lungs, digestive organs)
Describe the organization of layered heart tissues.
1. endocardium
endothelium, connective tissue
subendocardial conducting network via purkinje fibers
2. myocardium
cardiomyocytes connected via intercalated discs
endomysium (conn. tissue that supply cardiomyocytes)
3. epicardium “visceral pericardium”
subepicardial connective tissue, mesothelium
Describe the structure of a cardiomyocyte.
striated
short, branched
1-2 nuclei per cell
connected via intercalated discs
Describe the features and functions of an intercalated disc.
Intercalated discs are specialized complexes b/w cardiomyocytes.
have:
Gap junctions allow flow of Ca2+
fascia adherens staple cells together
Describe organization of blood vessel layers.
In descending order:
1. tunica externa (-adventitia) thickest in VEINS
vasa vasorum contains small vessels/nerves in L-sized vessels
external elastic membrane in M-sized a.
2. tunica media muscular
smooth muscle (thicker in a. )
3. tunica intima
internal elastic membrane in M-sized a.
subendothelial connective tissue basement membrane
endothelium (simple squamous) lines entire CV system including blood vessels and lymph channels
Compare and contrast different blood vessel types.
1. arteries carry blood away from heart
elastic a. largest and near heart, contain vasa vasorum
muscular a. M-sized, have thickest tunica media, most named a. are muscular
arterioles smallest, 1-2 smooth muscle layers, for BP regulation
2. capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, RBCs travel single-file, for nutrient/gas exchange
continuous c. most common but least permeable
fenestrated c. more permeable (have pores) in their endothelium, incr. filtration (found in kidneys and s. intestine)
sinusoid c. most permeable (have wide gaps) in liver
3. veins large structures with valves and sometimes vaso vasorum that carry blood towards the heart
venules smallest venous vessles with thin media/externa layer
Describe the parts and function of the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system collects leaked fluid from blood vessels (interstitial fluid), filters via lymph nodes and returns to veins.
lymphatic capillaries smallest lymph vessels that collect fluid, single layer of endothelial cells
lymph interstitial fluid after it has been collected in lymph c.
lymphatic c -> lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts (can be seen w naked eye)
lymph nodes along collecting lymphatic vessels, remove pathogens from lymph
Lymph enters the node via afferent vessels and exits via efferent vessels. There are more afferent vessels, so lymph becomes “stuck” in nodes and stays longer for processing.
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Describe the concepts of preload and afterload.
preload stretch of cardiomyocytes before contraction
impacted by => venous return and EDV
high preload (fluid overload or heart failure) = high SV is Frank-Starling Law
(heart fills with more blood if more stretched out)
afterload resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood
impacted by => arterial pressure and vascular resistance
high afterload (Systemic Vascular Resistance SVR, valve conditions ie. aortic stenosis) = high workload of heart (must use more pressure to eject blood)
if chronic high afterload, => hypertrophy
Describe the parts of an EKG.
EKG can describe the 4 steps of heart contraction.
P-wave atrial depolarization
QRS complex ventricular depolarization (atrial REpolarization is masked)
T-wave ventricular repolarization
Describe the pacemaker properties displayed by the heart.
sinoatrial node = the boss
1. SA sets the heart rate by overriding pacemaker rates of other heart structures
2. Atrioventricular node slows conduction to allow atrial contraction to complete, increase filling of ventricles, prevent simeltaneous atrial/ventricle contraction and protect ventricle from high HRs.
Pacemaker potential of nodal cells
1. slow depolarization (pacemaker potential) (increase in Na, AKA funny current)
2. self-induced action potential(Ca2+ in, then K+ out)
