Exam 2 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Water is what % of an adult animals body weight?
A
45%
2
Q
Water is what % of a newborn animals body weight?
A
80%
3
Q
What are the functions of water?
A
Transport of nutrients
Solvent for chemical reactions
Temp control
Lubrication
4
Q
What are the 2 basic functions of water?
A
Metabolism and Temp control
5
Q
Intracellular fluids account for… of total body water
A
40%
6
Q
Extracellular fluids account for … of total body water
A
33%
7
Q
Why is water content lower in adults?
A
They’re depositing more fat.
8
Q
What are the different water sources?
A
Drinking water
Water in or on feed
Metabolic water
Condensation
Water in tissues
9
Q
What leads to water restriction?
A
reduced feed intake
weight loss
increased N and electrolyte excretion
10
Q
What increases consumption of water?
A
Lactation
11
Q
How much water does a mature pig or sheep drink?
A
1-3 gal/day
12
Q
How much water does a mature cow/horse drink?
A
10-14 gal/day
13
Q
How much water does a mature broiler drink?
A
0.10 gal/day
14
Q
How much fat is required to increase H2O by one degree?
A
one gram fat = one gram water
15
Q
Gross energy of CHO
A
4.1 kcal/g
16
Q
Gross energy of Proteins
A
5.7 kcal/g
17
Q
Gross energy of Fats
A
9.4 kcal/g
18
Q
Digestible Energy
A
DE= IE-FE
19
Q
Total Digestible Nutrients
A
TDN= DCP + DNFE + DCF + 2.25
20
Q
What are some problems with TDN?
A
doesn’t take into account losses in urine, gas production, and heat loss
21
Q
Is TDN loss greater in roughages or concentrates?
A
Roughages
22
Q
Net Energy Maintenance
A
fraction of net energy to animal in equilibrium
23
Q
What does the Kjeldahl method measure?
A
Nitrogen content
24
Q
What determines structure of AA?
A
sequence=structure=function
25
How do we determine N content of feed?
N% x 6.25= CP%
26
Which form of AA is more available and active?
"L"
27
Which form of AA is inactive and less available?
"D"
28
Essential AA
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine
Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine
Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine
29
Which AA is semi-essential?
Arginine and it's only required by growing animals
30
Which AAs are in the Aromatic class?
Phenylalanine
31
Which AAs are in the Aliphatic class?
Valine Threonine Isoleucine Leucine
32
Which AAs are in the Heterocyclic class?
Tryptophan
33
Which AAs are in the Basic class?
Histidine Arginine Lysine
34
Methionine is what containing?
sulfur and controls lysine
35
Imino Acids
Proline Taurine
36
What's the primary structure of AA?
linear structure of AAs
37
What's the secondary structure of AA?
arranged in a helix formation
38
What's the tertiary structure of AA?
a helix further folded onto itself
39
What's the quaternary structure of AA?
2 or more polypeptide chains united by non-covalent bonds
40
What causes protein denaturation?
Heat, Heavy metals, and Mechanical Forces
41
Functions of Proteins
tissue or structural
blood proteins
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
42
What allows for larger particle absorption the first 24 hours of life?
Gut gap
43
What requirement do ruminants have>
Nitrogen requirement, MCPs meet AA requirements
44
What does the Proximate Analysis do?
groups carbs
45
What's a limitation with the Proximate Analysis?
Doesn't represent non structural vs structural carbs are
46
which detergent fiber can be broken down by everyone?
NDF
47
which detergent fiber can't be broken down by everyone
ADF
48
Which fiber can't be broken down by anyone?
Lignin
49
components of NDF
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
50
Components of ADF
cellulose and lignin
51
Glucose is ...
the most important molecule in nutrition
52
monosaccharides
pentoses and hexoses
53
disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose, cellobiose
54
Who can break down alpha bonds?
everyone
55
Who can break down beta bonds?
microbial population
56
What's fructose?
sweetest CHO and component of table sugar
57
What's galactose?
Component of lactose
58
What's cellulose?
only microbial enzyme can break it
59
What are the non-structural CHO?
Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen
60
What's amylose?
plant energy storage, 15-30% of total starch, and it's an alpha 1, 4 linkage- straight chain
61
What's amylopectin?
more highly branched plant energy storage, 70-85% of total starch, and it's an alpha 1,4 linkage with alpha 1,6 linkage at branch points
62
What's glycogen?
animal energy storage, alpha glucose 1,4 and 1,6 bonds and stored in muscle and liver
63
What are the structural non-CHO?
Cellulose, lignin, and silica
64
What's cellulose?
highly stable, no animal enzyme can break it but microbial cellulase can degrade it
65
What's lignin?
no animal or anaerobic microbial enzyme can degrade it
66
What's silica?
encrusts the plant fiber and provides a barrier to digestive enzymes of microbes, it can result in urinary calculi
67
End products of digestion in non-ruminants
monosaccharides , mainly glucose
68
End products of digestion
monosaccharides and VFAs
69
What does steam flaking do to starch digestibility?
increases digestibility for rumen by 5-8%
70
Energy value of lipids
2.25 x value of carbs
71
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic
72
Simple lipids
triglycerides and glycerol
73
compound lipids
phospholipids and lipoproteins
74
Sterols
building blocks of hormones, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins
75
Melting point is
change from s to l, short chains lower than long chains, unsaturated lower than saturated
76
Iodine value
high value- unsaturated
low value- saturated
77
Fat deposition
1Internal
2 Intermuscular
3 Subcutaneous
4 Intramuscular
78
what kind of fat do cattle deposit?
Saturated
79
What kind of fat do poultry and swine deposit?
Whatever fat they eat
80
What metabolic disorder is correlated to high blood sugar?
Diabetes Type I and II
81
Insulin injections will start when 75% of beta cells are destroyed in the adult
Diabetes Type I and II
82
Almost exclusively in lactating dairy cattle and sheep in late pregnancy (pregnancy toxemia)
Ketosis
83
Process that leads to Acetyl-CoA being converted into ketones
Ketosis
84
Propylene glycol is a common treatment compound
Ketosis
85
Normal insulin production with decreased receptor count and reduced insulin sensitivity
Diabetes Type II
86
Negative energy balance
Ketosis
87
Low insulin production (juvenile diabetes)
Diabetes Type 1
88
the metabolic disorder can be controlled by a consistent feeding plan and food that minimizes postprandial changes in blood glucose levels in a healthy adult
Diabetes type I and II
89
Oxaloacetate is shifted away from the Kreb's cycle for gluconeogenisis
Ketosis
90
Overfeeding during gestation could add a risk for this metabolic disorder
Gestational Diabetes
91
Increased tissue resistance to insulin's action temporary
Gestational Diabetes
92
If left uncontrolled it will lead to fatty liver syndrome
Ketosis
93
Supplementing niacin can improve this disorder
Ketosis
94
Non-insulin dependent diabetes(adult onset)
Type 2 diabetes
95
The gross energy for protein is
4.1 kcal/g
96
What are the bonds that link AA together to form proteins?
Peptide
97
What gives each AA uniqueness from other AA?
R-group
98
2 types of hydrolysis involved in protein digestion?
Enzyme and Glycosidic
99
What's the gross energy for fat is how many times the amount of carbs
2.25
100
the gross energy for fat is
9.4 kcal/g
101
Triglycerides are made of a ... backbone and 3 ...
glycerol, fatty acids
102
Which of the following has the highest priority for fat deposition?
Internal
103
Unsaturated fatty acids have ... while saturated fatty acids have carbon chains that are completely surrounded by...
double bonds, hydrogen
104
What type of enzymes break down dietary fats?
lipases
105
Long chain fatty acids must be incorporated into ... to be absorbed in the small intestine.
micelles
106
What is responsible for emulsifying dietary fats to aid in digestion and prepare them for absorption?
Chylomicron
107
As an animal becomes more fat, the water content of the animal ... as a proportion of the animal's total body weight.
decreases
108
The gross energy for carbs is
4.1 kcal/g
109
Cellulose has ... 1,4 linkages of...
beta, glucose
110
Amylose has ... 1,4 linkages of ...
Alpha, glucose
111
As it branches, amylopectin has ... ... bonds.
Alpha, 1,6
112
Non-structural CHOs ares stored as what in the muscle and liver?
Glycogen
113
... enzymes are required to break down beta bonds while ... can break down alpha bonds.
Microbial, mammalian
114
What's the structural non-CHO found in woody plants?
Lignin
115
What's responsible for the start of CHO digestion in the mouth of non-ruminants?
salivary amylase
116
In ruminants, the primary products of CHO digestion are what?
VFAs
117
What's the most important sugar in nutrition?
Glucose
