exam 2 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
what is the order of the social structure diagram (top to bottom)
A
- society
- institutions
- stratification
- communities & organizations
- groups
- encounters
2
Q
what is an institution
A
they emerge within a society to solve problems (like kinship)
3
Q
what is stratification
A
based on categorization of people and the unequal distribution of resources
4
Q
why are communities and organizations not stacked
A
because they do not constrain eachother
5
Q
what is an example of a community
A
a neigborhood
6
Q
what is an organization
A
a community with a specific goal
7
Q
what are encounters (and an example)
A
fleeting interactions (elevator, waving in hall)
8
Q
is the individual in the social structure. why?
A
no but it makes up all social structures and is constrained by all of them
9
Q
what is structural constraint
A
a social structure constrains all others below it
10
Q
what social structures does society constrain
A
all others
11
Q
what is structural embeddedness
A
a social structure is embedded in all others above it
12
Q
what social structures are encounters embedded in
A
all others
13
Q
what is structural functionalism
A
Society works as a system with interdependent parts. There is a certain orderliness to society and change is disruptive. Focuses on how macro events effect micro-ones. Often associated with religion because without something to believe in, society would likely spiral.
14
Q
what is social conflict
A
Says that chaos is inevitable in the struggle for resources. Believes that conflict is natural in the overturning of power. Gender conflict and race conflict are sub-paradigms of social conflict. Focuses on how macro events effect micro-ones.
15
Q
what is symbolic interaction
A
An individual’s perspective on reality is determined by their experiences and is situational. Everything is dependent upon social interaction and interpretation. Focuses on how micro events effect macro-ones.
15
Q
how many people are in primary groups
A
smaller (1-12 people)
16
Q
do primary groups have high or low levels of cohesiveness
A
high
17
Q
are primary groups formal or informal. what kind of norms do they have?
A
informal with general social norms
18
Q
do primary groups have high or low levels of personal involvement
A
high
19
Q
do primary groups have high or low levels of intimacy
A
moderate to high
20
Q
are primary groups short or long term
A
long term
21
Q
what is an example of a primary group
A
family
22
Q
how many people are in secondary groups
A
much larger. at least 13
23
Q
do secondary groups have high or low levels of cohesiveness
A
low because there are too many people to interact with directly
24
are secondary groups formal or informal. what kind of norms do they have?
more formal and explicit norms
25
do secondary groups have high or low levels of personal involvement
low
26
do secondary groups have high or low intimacy levels
low
27
are secondary groups long or short term
short
28
what is an example of a secondary group
socio class
29
describe instrumental leadership style
group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks. High levels of respect from members. Members look towards leaders for plans, orders, and ways to complete tasks.
30
describe expressive leadership style
group leadership that focuses on the wellbeing of the group. Focuses on raising group morale and minimizing tension/ conflict between group members. Receive more affection from the members.
31
what did Asch research
Researched why people do the things they do. Discovered that people will conform to what others around them are doing even if they know for sure that it is wrong. Would rather not face judgement from society than be wrong.
32
what did Asch's research prove
group think
33
what did Milgrim research
Obedience study and shock experiment researcher
34
describe the group think process
- highly cohesive, insulated groups, directive leadership
- rationalization of tentative decision; ignores alternatives
- groups unite to oppose outside, contrary views
35
other that Asch, who else provided research for group think
Janis
36
what did Janis' research find
Janis discovered that people have a tendency to conform to the majority, causing a never narrow-minded view on certain issues:
- 2/3 of juries do not agree on the first deliberation
- polarization of opinions vs. open minded discussion
- 90% of juries deliver a unanimous decision at the end of it
- 90% reach the decision that was held by the majority on the 1st ballot
37
according to Etzioni, what are the 3 classifications of organization
1. utilitarian
2. voluntary
3. coercive
38
describe utilitarian organizations. give examples.
practical purposes. usually volunteer. job, Costco membership
39
describe a voluntary organization. give examples
free to join and leave. unpaid. volunteering
40
describe coercive organizations. give examples
involuntary membership. Coerced or forced to behave in certain ways isolated from the outside world. prison, rehab
41
how are coercive organizations similar to total institutions
Similar to total institutions in that they do not get a say in the ways they must behave and interact.
42
what kind of organization is the military
Not coercive unless you are drafted because you make the decision to join, and you get paid. Utilitarian.
43
according to max webber, what are the ideal characteristics of a bureaucracy
1. explicit division of labor.
2. codefined norms governing behavior.
3. hierarchical.
4. role obligations met without emotions.
5. positions by meritocracy, not personality.
6. worker position owned by organization, not worker.
7. workers make jobs their entire careers.
44
what is a bueraucracy
an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
45
what are 4 problems associated with bureaucracy
1. parkinson's law
2. Peter principle
3. ritualization
4. alienation
46
describe parkinsins law in relation to bureaucracy
work fills time allocated to do the work, regardless of how quickly the worker finishes
47
describe the Peter principle in relation to bureaucracy
people promoted to their level of incompetence
48
describe ritualization in relation to bureaucracy
ritual behavior creates problems for organizational change
49
describe alienation in relation to bureaucracy
people are reeducated to cogs in a "machine". the worker and consumer are both depersonalized
50
what is the McDonaldization of society
Driven by the growing population and ever-increasing pace of life. People would rather things be done quickly than safely and of a high quality.
51
what is social stratification
The division of society into hierarchical rankings of people and the unequal distribution of resources. Concerned with class and socio-economic status. It persists over generations (generational wealth, education level, belief structure/ value system). Exists in all societies except hunter-gather (no surplus -> no inequality). Universal but variable (different systems). Wrapped up in inequality AND belief system.
52
what is a caste system and what does that mean for its members
Caste systems are based on ascription and not achievement. There is no social mobility. You will forever be in whatever caste you are born into.
You cannot work a job that is above or below your caste. You cannot marry outside of your caste. The people you talk to and grow up around will be from your own caste; you will not be socialized with people of a higher or lower-level caste.
53
in what society type is the caste system heavily dominant
agrarian
54
what are the characteristics of a class system
Social mobility is very possible within class systems. Everyone has an equal legal standing. In the U.S. presumably anyone can go to college, however, you can only actually go if you can afford to.
55
is the U.S. a class or caste system? how does inequality appear here compare to in other high income nations
The U.S. is a class system because you technically have the right to talk to anyone you please and can, in theory, grow out of the social class with which you are born into.
In the U.S. however, inequality is more prevalent in situations like affordability of school, making it difficult for people of a low social class to climb out of it. This is because of stratification.
56
is wealth inequality and its distribution better or worse than most people think
worse
57
what percent of U.S. families are in debt
20%
58
what percent of the population has 10 cents of every dollar of wealth in the U.S.
80%
59
what does social mobility look like in the class vs. caste system
In the class system, social mobility is, in theory, high while in the caste system it is little to none.
60
what does social mobility look like in the U.S.
Despite the U.S. following a class system and class systems in theory have a reasonable high social mobility, on average, people tend to only go up or down one social class than the one which they were born inro.
61
on the subject of stratification, which paradigm does Davis- moore associate with
structural functionalism
62
on the subject of stratification, which paradigm does max webber associate with
social conflict
63
describe Davis- Moores structural functionalism approach on stratification
- social positions that are functionally important AND difficult to fill because of skills needed will receive greater resources
- the more training required the more benefit that should be received
- some inequality = motivation
64
what I the issue with Davis-moore's structural functionalism approach on stratification
do rewards reflect contribution (Kim Kardashian)? Too much inequality leads to a decrease in motivation.
65
describe Max Webber's multidimensional approach to stratification
- multidimensional as opposed to Marx’s have/ have nots
- class, status, and power are all ways to get a person to do something they do not want to do and work as a currency in society.
- status consistency is measured on a spectrum. The more consistent each dimension above is, the more consistency they have. the caste system have a very high status consistency.
66
what is status consistency and what does it look like in the class and caste system
status consistency is measured on a spectrum. The more consistent each dimension above is, the more consistency they have. the caste system have a very high status consistency. while it is low in the class system
67
what does Ehrenreich's "Nickel and Dimed" demonstrate
the inability for low-income families to fully support themselves. Homes too close to work are too expensive, but then transportation is too expensive, etc.
68
what is the federal poverty line in relation to how much money a family spends on food
about 3X what a family has to spend on food
69
what is the poverty line for families of 4
about $25,750 a year
70
what is deep poverty
when a family only makes 1/2 their poverty line for the size of their family
71
what percent of people in deep poverty are single mothers
1/3
72
describe poverty levels from 2015-2020
from 2015-2019, poverty levels progressively went down until 2020 when the pandemic hit, and many people lost their jobs.
73
what group of people was least and most affected by covid in relation to poverty
Upper class Americans were the least impacted while lower class Americans were the most heavily impacted.
74
what did the percentage of people in poverty peak at in 2020
11.4%
75
what percent of wealth do the richest 20% of Americans own
90%
76
what percent of wealth does the middle class own
10%
77
what percent of wealth does the lower class own
0.5%
78
what percent of wealth does the poorest group of people own
-1.4%
79
what is wealth
the total value of your money and the thing you own - any debt or money you owe
80
what does dependency theory say about the role of high- income nations in global stratification?
Dependency theory says that high-income nations feed into global stratification with the ways in which they depend on poorer countries. They use poor countries to gain materials they would not otherwise have access to, putting the lower income countries in debt.
81
what paradigm is associated with dependency theory
social conflict
82
what paradigm is associated with modernization theory
structural functionalism
83
what does modernization say about the role of high income nations in global stratification
Modernization theory says rich nations help poorer nations and decrease global stratification by providing them with knowledge and foreign aid.
84
what are some examples of high income countries
america, western Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada
85
when did high income countries develop during the industrial revolution
they were some of the first to industrialize
86
what percent of the worlds income goes towards high income countries
64%
87
do high income countries have low or high GDP
high
88
what is gross domestic product (GDP)
the value of all goods and services produced within that country per year
89
do high income countries have control of financial markets? what does this mean?
yes, meaning that they have control over other countries
90
do high income countries have a short or long life expectancy
long
91
what are some examples of middle income countries
Eastern Europe, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Nigeria
92
in middle income countries what percent of people in urban areas have industrial jobs
52%
93
in middle income countries what percent of people in rural areas engage in agricultural activities
48%
94
why does such a high percentage participate in agricultural activities
a general lack of access to schools, medical care, and safe water
95
what are some examples of low income countries
niger, much of Africa, much of Asia, Afghanistan
96
do low income countries have a high or low GDP
low
97
what does the economy look like in low income countries
mostly poor, rural economies
98
what kind of society are low income countries living in
agrarian with some industrialization
99
is the life expectancy in low income countries short or long
very short
100
what is the average life expectancy in low income countries compared to global life expectancy
only 1/3 of people in low income counties live to be 65 while the global life expectancy is 62.9
101
what shapes the lives of individuals living in low income countries
hunger, disease, and unsafe housing
102
what is absolute poverty
poverty defined by the absolute minimum standard of living
103
what is relative poverty
poverty defined b the level of living in that culture or community which a person lives in
104
what percent of global income does the richest 20% make
67%
105
what percent of global income does the second 20% make
19%
106
what percent of global income does the middle 30% make
8%
107
what percent of global income does the next 20% of people make
4%
108
what percent of global income does the lowest 20% make
2%
109
what is the relationship between economic productivity, life expectancy, urbanization, technological advancement, and fertility rates
they have a positive relationship. as one of these factors goes up the rest of them do as well and vise versa
110
what does Rosling point out in regards to the impact of the industrial revolution on global poverty and health
Rolling pointed out that the sooner a nation began to industrialize, the better they are doing now medically and financially.
111
around how many people in the world face chronic hunger
1.4 billion
112
how often do people die of hunger
about 100 people every 10 minutes
113
about how many people die of hunger a day
25,000
114
in some African and asian countries what percent of annual deaths are of children under the age of 10
50%
115
what is the relationship between patriarchy and women's status and how many babies are born
The less valued the women are, the higher the number of babies born per woman would be.
116
of the 1 billion people living in absolute poverty, what percent are women
70%
117
what did Margot Mead's research on the Israeli Kibbutzim find
- their goal is to have complete gender equality by men and women doing similar jobs and having all money and gifts go into communal pots.
- when babies were born, they were taken to and raised in a children’s home to avoid women from being tied to the domestic sphere
- in the 2nd generation, however, women got rid of the children’s homes and kept the kids at home.
- they ended up developing more traditional, discriminatory values unintentionally despite a lack of exposure to said values.
118
what did Janet Lever's research on gender and children on the playground find
Janet Lever found that on the playground, while boys play sports and girls socialize or jump rope. If the girls wanted to play with the boys, they would not let her but if the boys wanted to play with the girls, they would love that.
119
what is the gender ration on average earnings in the U.S.
for the most part, women are making 10% less money than their male counterparts even in fields that are female dominated
120
120
what factors have increasingly propelled women in the U.S. into the workforce in the past centuries
women overall getting more rights has propelled them into the workforce. they are starting to gain higher levels of independence and individuality which is allowing them the opportunity to work more
121
what percentage of bachelors degrees are awarded to men vs. women
men: 42%
women: 58%
122
what percent of men and women have their bachelors degrees
men: 30%
women: 37%
123
what's the relationship between a woman's social standing and income levels in their country
the more value a woman has in her country, the higher their income level will be
124
what percent of the House of Representatives and senate is occupied by women
HOR: 20%
senate: 21%
125
why are women less represented in politics
This is because culturally, we view being a politician as a more masculine job. Also, women are more judged within politics because they are expected to take care of their children. Women are more hesitant to open their children up to politics.
At the state level, women have been increasing their participation in politics, though it is still much lower than that of men. Women are not nearly as often to be recruited into politics.
126
what gender changes in the division of labor within the household have been made in the last 40 years
as women have started to make their way into the workforce, household labor has slowly become more evenly distributed, rather than the woman doing most all of the work. while on average, women are still doing more housework than men, it is slowly starting to even out.
127
what is the beauty myth
women are more heavily valued in society when they are younger and "more beautiful" while men are more heavily valued when they are older and "wiser".
128
what is an example of the beauty myth
how many lines, on average, that women and men receive at certain ages on television
129
what is a "take charge" style of leadership that demands obedience
authoritarian leadership
130
according to webber what is NOT a characteristic of modern bureaucracy
emotional employees
131
which of the following is Weber's idea that social standing can vary across social dimensions
status consistency
132
a stratification researcher is examining conspicuous consumption. what paradigm is being used?
symbolic interaction
133
what is most susceptible to group think
a secret presidential cabinet meeting about declaring war
133
according to weber, what kind of knowledge is modern bureaucracy based upon
rationality
134
what is a new intimate relationship developing on college campuses called
hookup culture
135
Etixoni argues this is likely the kind of organization that you would belong to if imprisioned
coercive
136
in nickel and dime, how much did Ehrenreich earn in one month of work
$1,040
137
about how many people worldwide are living in some form of modern slavery
40 million
138
what group does Simmel argue has more power
triad
139
the historical feudal system in the United Kingdom is an example of what
caste system
140
the Kuznetsk curve shows what relationship between stratification and technology
agrarian societies demonstrates the most caste like patterns
141
which is a way that a researcher could study the stratification variable "status"
by examining the variance of occupational prestige by jobs
142
world systems theory (and wallerstein) argues what
high income nations wealth comes from exploiting low income nations
143
currently, what percentage of U.S. children live in poverty
20%
144
historically, what does weber argue about modern bureaucracy
that is emerged alongside industrialization and large scale organizations
145
what does Mcdonaldization refer to
an organization's focus on efficiency, predictability, uniformity, control, etc.
145
what does Asch's classic research tell us about human desire to conform to a group
humans strongly desire to conform in order to avoid expulsion
146
what family structure has the highest percentage of children in poverty
black, single mother families
147
what model would organization researchers classify an IT company focused of creative problem solving as?
open flexible organization
148
what is the average life expectancy around middle income countries
70
149
what country has the highest infant mortality rate
U.S.
150
where was Asia in 1963 in regards to poverty. why?
Over half the population lived in extreme poverty.
This is because colonial legacies disrupted local economies, agricultural dependency and frequent famines, and limited industrialization and access to education or healthcare.
151
where is Asia now in regards to poverty. why?
it has made significant strides in reducing extreme poverty, especially in the East and Southeast. because of rapid industrialization, investments in education, healthcare, and social programs, and globalization and export-driven economies.
152
where was Africa in1963 in regards to poverty. why?
Around 70–80% of Africa’s population lived in extreme poverty. Because of political instability and civil conflicts in many nations,
poor access to healthcare, education, and basic infrastructure, and vulnerability to climate change and droughts.
153
where is Africa in regards to poverty now. why
Africa has reduced extreme poverty, but about 34% of Africa’s population still live in extreme poverty, representing over 400 million people. they have not been able to progress more because population growth outpaces poverty reduction in many areas,
climate change exacerbates vulnerabilities, and governance issues and corruption.
154
what is a social group
2 or more people who identify and interact with one another
155
what is income
earnings from work or investment
156
how many Americans were poor in 2015? what percent is this?
43.1 million- 13.5%
157
what percent of individuals beneath the poverty line are affected by deep poverty
50%
158
what is endogamous marriage
marriage within your own caste
159
what is meritocracy
social stratification based on personal merit (job, education)
160
in a true meritocracy would there be high or low levels of social mobility
extremely high
161
what is a primogeniture
a law in the UK written to prevent the division of landholdings that stated everything went ti the eldest make of the family
162
what is conspicuous consumption
buying and using products because of the "statements" they make about social position
163
as you can see by Kuznet's curve, industrialization pushes inequality ____ (up or down)?
downward
164
what is a reference group
people to whom an individual looks as a basis for self-appraisal or as a source of personal standards. you either already or want to belong to them.
165
the poorest people in America live at what income level globally
middle
166
how many children are forced into labor
24.9 million
167
how many people are subject to forced marriages
15.4 million
168
out of the people subject to forced marriages, what percent of them are kids
1/3
169
what is modern slavery
the possession or control of a person deprived of their rights with the intention of exploiting them
170
how many children are forced to work in the streets with little or no medical access
100 million
171
about how many people are victims of modern slavery. what percent is man and woman?
40 million people- 71% women, 29% man
172
what is anticipatory socialization
conforming to groups we do not belong to in attempt to join them.
173
what is an in group
a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty
174
what is an out group
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
175
what is a network
a web of social ties
176
according to webber, what does tradition consist of
behaviors, values, and beliefs passed from generation to generation
177
according to webber what is rationality
a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient ways to accomplish a particular task
178
what is the rationalization of society
the rise of the modern world rests on saying that the historical change from tradition to rationality and the main type of human thought is essential
179
what is an organizational environment
factors outside an organization that affects its opperation
180
why has there not been a marxist revolution
fragmentation of the capitalist class. higher standard of living. more worker organizations. greater legal protections over worker safety
181
what is intragenerational mobility
the changes in social position within a person's adult life
182
what is intergenerational mobility
occurs upward or downward of children in relation to their parents
