exam 2

Question 1

? is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to it.

Answer 1

habituation

Question 2

? ? is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response.

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

An ? stimulus is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response without prior learning.

Answer 3

unconditioned

Question 4

A ? stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response.

Answer 4

conditioned

Question 5

An ? response is an automatic, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 5

unconditioned

Question 6

A ? response is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Answer 6

conditioned

Question 7

? is the process in which a conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 7

extinction

Question 8

? ? is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Answer 8

spontaneous recovery

Question 9

? ? occurs when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response.

Answer 9

stimulus generalization

Question 10

Stimulus ? is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.

Answer 10

discrimination

Question 11

? ? is a therapy method used to treat phobias by gradually exposing a person to the feared object or situation in a controlled way.

Answer 11

systematic desensitization

Question 12

? ? is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

Answer 12

operant conditioning

Question 13

? ? involves adding a stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Answer 13

positive reinforcement

Question 14

? ? involves removing an aversive stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Answer 14

negative reinforcement

Question 15

? ? involves adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Answer 15

positive punishment

Question 16

? ? involves removing a stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Answer 16

negative punishment

Question 17

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed.

Answer 17

fixed interval

Question 18

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after varying amounts of time.

Answer 18

variable interval

Question 19

A ? ? schedule provides reinforcement after a set number of responses.

Answer 19

fixed ratio

Question 20

A ? ratio schedule provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses.

Answer 20

variable

Question 21

A ? economy is a behavior management system using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors, which can be exchanged for privileges or items.

Answer 21

token

Question 22

? learning is learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others.

Answer 22

observational

Question 23

The three processes of memory are ?, ?, and ?.

Answer 23

encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 24

? is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Answer 24

encoding

Question 25

? storage is the process of retaining information in memory over time.

Answer 25

memory

Question 26

? is the process of accessing stored information.

Answer 26

retrieval

Question 27

? blindness is a phenomenon where a person fails to notice changes in their visual environment.

Answer 27

change

Question 28

The types of memory storage are ? memory, ?-term memory, and ?-term memory.

Answer 28

sensory, short, long

Question 29

? is a memory technique where information is grouped into meaningful units to make it easier to remember.

Answer 29

chunking

Question 30

? rehearsal is the repetition of information to keep it in short-term memory.

Answer 30

maintenance

Question 31

? rehearsal involves linking new information to existing knowledge to make it easier to store in long-term memory.

Answer 31

elaborative

Question 32

The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle.

Answer 32

primacy

Question 33

The ? effect refers to the tendency to remember items at the end of a list better than those in the middle.

Answer 33

recency

Question 34

? amnesia is the inability to form new memories after a brain injury.

Answer 34

anterograde

Question 35

? amnesia is the loss of memories formed before a brain injury.

Answer 35

retrograde

Question 36

The types of long-term memories are ?, ?, and semantic.

Answer 36

procedural, episodic

Question 37

? psychology is the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors influence physical health and illness.

Answer 37

health

Question 38

BMI (? ? ?) is a measure of body fat based on height and weight.

Answer 38

body mass index

Question 39

? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by extreme weight loss and fear of gaining weight.

Answer 39

anorexia

Question 40

? nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging behaviors like vomiting.

Answer 40

bulimia

Question 41

?-eating disorder involves consuming large amounts of food in a short time without purging.

Answer 41

binge

Question 42

Chronic stress and negative emotions can weaken the ? system and increase the risk of ? illnesses.

Answer 42

immune, physical

Question 43

Type ? personalities are competitive and prone to stress, while Type ? personalities are more relaxed and less stressed.

Answer 43

A, B

Question 44

?-focused coping involves addressing the source of stress directly.

Answer 44

problem

Question 45

?-focused coping involves managing the emotional response to stress.

Answer 45

emotion

Question 46

The ? model emphasizes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors in health.

Answer 46

biopsychosocial

Question 47

The prenatal stages are ?, ?, and ?.

Answer 47

germonic, embryonic, fetal

Question 48

? are substances that can harm a developing fetus, such as alcohol and drugs.

Answer 48

teratogens

Question 49

The types of attachment are ?, ?, ambivalent, and ?.

Answer 49

severe, avoidant, disorganized

Question 50

? experiment demonstrated the importance of comfort and attachment in infant development using monkeys.

Answer 50

Harlow's

Question 51

? stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Answer 51

Piaget's

Question 52

? is the process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.

Answer 52

Assimilation

Question 53

? is modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.

Answer 53

Accommodation

Question 54

? is the stage of language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel sounds.

Answer 54

babbling

Question 55

? speech is early speech where children use short phrases to convey meaning, like 'want cookie'.

Answer 55

telegraphic

Question 56

Erikson's stages include ? vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. ?, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ? vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. ?.

Answer 56

trust, shame, identity, despair

Question 57

? are small, close-knit groups of individuals who often share common interests or backgrounds.

Answer 57

cliques

Question 58

Kohlberg's stages include ?, ?, ?.

Answer 58

pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional morality.

Question 59

? is a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life, often caused by diseases like Alzheimer's.

Answer 59

dementia