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Embryo > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Supply neuronal mitochondria and provide structural support

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2
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Make myelin in CNS

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3
Q

Schwann cells

A

Make myelin in the PNS

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4
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Lines cavities of CNS

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5
Q

microglial cells

A

Immune cell of the CNS

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6
Q

What is most abundant in white matter?

A

Myelinated axons of neurons

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7
Q

What’s most abundant in grey matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies
Dendrites
Unmyelinated axons
Neuroglia

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8
Q

Features of skeletal muscle

A

Striated
Multi peripheral nuclei
Voluntary

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9
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A

Striated
1 nuclei per cell
Intercalated discs
Involuntary
Mitochondria makes up about 40%
Sparse SR

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10
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A

Non striated
One elongated nuclei
Rudimentary SR
Involuntary

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11
Q

Muscle fiber layers

A

Epimysium - outer most
Perimysium
Endomysium - inner most

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

Dense layer of CT that surrounds entire muscle

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13
Q

Perimysium

A

CT that surrounds each fascicle

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14
Q

Endomysium

A

CT that surrounds one individual muscle cell

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15
Q

What’s a sarcomere?

A

Fundamental unit of a muscle fiber that causes contractions

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16
Q

Regions within sarcomere

A

I band
A band
H band
Z line

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17
Q

I band

A

Light band of thin actin filament

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18
Q

A band

A

Runs length of thick myosin filament but contains thick and thin filaments

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19
Q

H band

A

Central region of sarcomere.
When muscle contracts, the myosin and actin filaments form cross bridges which pulls Z line toward the middle of cell

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20
Q

Z line

A

Protein band that defines the boundary of a sarcomere

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21
Q

What’s the function of intercalated discs?

A

The glue for adjacent cells

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22
Q

Myofiber

A

Single muscle cell that is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

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23
Q

Myofilament

A

They make up myofibrils

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24
Q

Myofibril

A

Bundle of protein filaments that contain contractile elements

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25
Layers of the heart
Epicardium - outermost layer Myocardium - middle Endocardium - innermost
26
What layer are the purkinje fibers in?
Subendothelial layer
27
Blood vessels
Thin walled vessels where gas exchange and nutrient exchange occur
28
What are the layers of the capillaries?
Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia
29
3 types of capillaries
Continuous - most common, contain tight junctions Fenestrated - tight junctions have fenstrations allowing greater exchange across endothelium Sinusoids - discontinuous, wider diameter
30
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood from heart to body
31
3 types of arteries
Elastic - use elastic recoil Muscular - vasodilate and constrict to cause blood flow Small - distribute blood to arterioles
32
What are veins?
Carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
33
Different sizes of veins and what they do?
Small - collects blood from venules Medium - carry blood to large veins Large - returns blood to heart
34
Which vessels have valves?
Veins - to prevent backflow
35
Composition of whole blood
Plasma - highest composition, mostly water Erythrocytes - 2nd highest composition Buffy coat - mostly platelets
36
What is most abundant in plasma?
Albumins
37
Granulocytes
Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil
38
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes - spherical Monocytes - C shaped
39
What is platelets function?
Begin process of clot formation and contain blood loss
40
What is rouleau in RBC?
In small blood vessels, blood cells may stack up in loose aggregates
41
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Act as a WBC to perform various immune defense functions after leaving the bloodstream
42
Continuous capillary fx and location?
Highly controlled barrier for exchange between blood and tissues, also maintains blood brain barrier. Location: skin, muscles, lungs
43
Fenestrated capillary fx and location?
Rapid exchange of water and small molecules while restricting larger proteins Location: endocrine glands, intestinal wall
44
Sinunsoid capillary fx and location?
Facilitate exchange of larger molecules and cells between blood and surrounding tissues Location: bone marrow, liver, spleen
45
Epithelial type in the mouth
Stratified squamous
46
Epithelial type in the esophagus
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous
47
Epithelial type in the stomach
Simple columnar
48
Epithelial type in the small intestine
Absorptive columnar
49
Epithelial type in the large intestine
Columnar with microvilli
50
Epithelial type in the anus
Stratified squamous
51
What are the projections in the GI tract?
Plicae circularis Villi Microvilli
52
What are plicae circulares made of?
Circular folds consisting of mucosa and submucosa
53
What are villi made of?
short mucosal outgrowths
54
What types of muscle is in the esophagus?
upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle middle - skeletal and smooth lower 1/3 - smooth muscle
55
How many layers of muscle are in the muscularis externa?
4 Mucosa - innermost submucosa muscularis serosa - outermost
56
What is MALT? Where is it found?
It is a type of lymphatic tissue (Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) Found in large intestine
57
Respiratory epithelium type
Ciliated psedostratified columnar epithelium
58
Tracheobronchial tree
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar dicts and sacs alveoli
59
What type of tissue makes up the alveoli?
Types I & II alveolar cells
60
What is the function of goblet cells?
Secrete mucous
61
What is the function of club cells?
secrete components of surfactant
62
How many layers make up the epidermis?
4 Stratum corneum - most apical Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale - most basal
63
What's the difference between thick and thin skin?
Thick has 5 layers as opposed to 4. stratum lucidum
64
What are the different nerve receptors in the dermis?
Meissners corpuscles Ruffini endings Free nerve endings
65
Location of meissners corpuscles and what do they sense
located in papillary dermis detects light touch and vibration
66
Location of Ruffini endings and what do they sense
deep dermis detects stretch and sustained pressure
67
Location of free nerve endings and what do they sense
in the dermis detects pain and temperature
68
What are the different nerve receptors in the epidermis?
Merkel cells Free nerve endings
69
Location of Merkel cells and what do they sense?
basal layer of epidermis detect light touch and texture
70
What are the nerve receptors in the subcutaneous tissue?
Pacinian corpuscles Nerve endings
71
Location of pacinian corpuscles and what do they sense?
subcutaneous tissue detect deep pressure and vibrations
72
Location of nerve endings and what do they sense?
subcutaneous tissue carry signals to and from various nerve receptors
73
Epithelium of ureter
transitional
74
Epithelium of urinary bladder
Transitional
75
Epithelium of urethra
transitional to stratified squamous
76
Epithelium of external urethral orifice
stratified squamous
76
What is the muscle of the urinary bladder and what does it do?
Detrusor muscle Plays a part in storage and excretion of urine within the urinary bladder. Relaxed during storage, contracts during excretion
77
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
78
What role do renal tubules play?
reabsorption of water, electrolytes and other substances

Embryo (3 decks)

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