Exam 2 Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Attention
A
the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations in our environment
2
Q
Selective Attention
A
attending to one thing while ignoring others
- do not attend large portion of environmental info; filter out some and promote other info for further processing
3
Q
Distractor
A
a stimulus that competes for attention and interferes with the processing of another stimulus
4
Q
Divided Attention
A
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
5
Q
Attentional Capture
A
a rapid shift in attention caused by a salient stimulus
6
Q
Dichotic Listening Study
A
- different messages presented to each ear; participants shadow message of attended ear
- reported attended ear accurately; could not report unattended message
- unattended processed at some level; noticed change in speaker
7
Q
Visual Scanning
A
shifting eye movements across a visual scene
8
Q
Broadbent’s Attention Model
A
- early-selection model
- messages > sensory memory > filter > detector > memory
9
Q
Broadbent’s Filter
A
selects the attended message based on physical characteristics (tone, pitch, speed, accent) and filters out other messages
10
Q
Broadbent’s Detector
A
processes higher-level characteristics of the attended message such as meaning
11
Q
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
A
- early, two-stage selection model
- messages > attenuator > dictionary unit > memory
12
Q
Treisman’s Attenuator
A
- allows for separation of messages using physical properties, language, and meaning
- analysis proceeds only as far as necessary to identify attended message
- unattended messages are weakened but not completely blocked
13
Q
Treisman’s Dictionary Unit
A
- final stage where message analysis occurs
- contains words which each have a threshold for being activated; more common/important = lower threshold
- allows for detection of significant words in unattended messages
14
Q
Late Selection
A
- selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until after info is analyzed for meaning
- findings show both early and late selection can occur depending on: task being performed, and type of stimuli presented
15
Q
Processing Capacity
A
amount of info a person can handle
16
Q
Perceptual Load
A
relates to task difficulty (how much capacity is being used up)
17
Q
Stroop Test
A
- cognitive test examining interference in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli
- participants name color of the ink a word is printed in (word is different color)
18
Q
Overt Attention
A
shifting attention by moving the eyes; looking at what you are paying attention to
19
Q
Saccades
A
rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another
20
Q
Fixations
A
short visual pauses on points of interest
21
Q
Stimulus Salience
A
- bottom-up determinant of eye movement
- depends on characteristics of stimulus
- color and motion are highly salient
22
Q
Top-Down Determinants of Eye Movement
A
- scene schema
- expecting stop signs to be at intersections
- eye movements precede motor actions; task-related movements
23
Q
Attention to Location
A
- Michael Posner
- square then valid/invalid arrow cue
- info processing is more efficient where attention is physically directed; spotlight/zoom lens
24
Q
Same-Object Advantage
A
attending to one part of an object enhances processing for other parts of the same object
25
Attention Affects Perception
- makes objects clearer and more vivid
- attended objects perceived as faster, more colorful, and w/ better contrast
26
Attention Affects Physiology
- attention to objects increases activity in corresponding object-related areas
- attention to locations increases activity in corresponding retinotopic areas
27
Cell Phone (Distractor)
- causes slower reaction time
- major factor in car accidents; in 80% driver was inattentive 3 sec prior to crash
27
Divided Attention
- practice enables people to simultaneously do 2 things that were difficult at first
- possible for easy, well-practiced tasks but becomes difficult w/ harder tasks
28
Internet (Distractor)
- linked to lower academic performance and internet addiction
- operant conditioning w/ intermittent reinforcement encourages continued use
- leads to continuous partial attention
29
Mind Wandering (Distractor)
- can hinder performance (ex. mindless reading)
- aids in future planning and creativity
- default mode network (DMN)
30
Inattentional Blindness
failure to notice visual stimuli due to lack of attention
31
Inattentional Deafness
- occasional auditory tone while performing visual task
- participants less likely to notice tone the more difficult the task
32
Change Blindness
failure to notice significant change in a visual scene when it is presented w/ a visual disruption (flicker/movement)
33
Binding
process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
- Binding Problem: how are different object features "bound together" given that they are processed by different neural populations?
34
Feature Integration Theory
object > preattentive stage > focused attention stage > perception
35
Preattentive Stage
- occurs before attention is focused on an object
- features of objects (colors, form, motion) are processed separately and unconsciously
- automatic, unconscious, and effortless analysis of different features in different brain areas
36
Focused Attention Stage
- attention is directed toward an object
- separate features are integrated, leading to conscious awareness of the object
- attention "binds" features into a single, coherent object
37
Ventral Attention Network
responds to stimulus salience (physical properties of stimuli)
38
Dorsal Attention Network
governs attention based on top-down processes (like task demands or scene schema)
39
Effective Connectivity
the ease of activity flow along specific brain pathways
- attention involves changing effective connectivity in neural networks
40
Attentional Synchronization
- key mechanism of connectivity
- synchronization in brain waves occurs when attention is focused on something
- leads to more effective communication and attention processing
41
Executive Attention Network
- manages attention control and conflict resolution in responses
- illustrated by tasks like stroop test
- active in decision-making and resisting temptations
- related to cognitive control, inhibitory control, and willpower
42
Modal Model of Memory
input > sensory memory > short-term memory <> long-term memory
43
Sensory Memory (Modal Model)
initial stage that holds virtually all incoming info for fractions of a second
44
Short-Term Memory (Modal Model)
holds 5-8 items for about 15-20 seconds
45
Long-Term Memory (Modal Model)
can hold a large amount of info for years or even decades
46
Control Processes
- active processes that can be controlled by the person
- ex. rehearsal, strats to make stimuli more memorable, strats of attention to focus on specific stimuli
47
Sensory Memory (Sperling)
- measured capacity and duration of sensory memory; flashed letters on a screen
- participants report as many as possible (whole report): 4.5/12
- heard tone telling them a row to recall (partial report): 3.3/4
- tone delayed after letters went away (delayed partial report): 1/4
48
Working Memory vs. Short-Term Memory
- STM holds info for brief period of time
- WM also used in processing and manipulation of info; active during complex cognition
- WM processes different types of info simultaneously; struggles w/ similar info at once
49
Phonological Loop
- part of working memory
- holds verbal and auditory info for a few seconds
- articulatory rehearsal process
- essential for tasks liek remembering names and phone numbers
- used for understanding spoken language
50
Phonological Similarity Effect
letters or words that sound similar are confused
51
Word Length Effect
lists of short words are easier to remember than lists of long words
52
Articulatory Suppression
speaking prevents one from rehearsing items to be remembered
- reduces memory span
- eliminates word length effect
- reduces phonological similarity effect for reading words
53
Visuospatial Sketchpad
- part of working memory
- Visual Imagery: creation and manipulation of visual images in the mind in the absence of physical visual stimulus
- measured reaction times for mental rotation task; greater rotations took longer
54
Central Executive
- part of working memory
- acts as control center; coordinates phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
- controls attention
- linked to executive attention; damage to frontal lobe impairs function
55
Perseveration
- sticking to a rule or action even when it's no longer appropriate
- caused by damage to frontal lobe/central executive subsystem
56
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
- associated w/ personality, planning, and various mental functions
- allows for switching between tasks and adjusting strats
- essential in working memory tasks and attention
57
Delayed Response Task
- monkeys trained to remember location of food reward
- removal of PFC significantly reduced performance
- "out of sight, out of mind"/object permanence caused by underdeveloped PFC in infants
58
Single Cell Studies
- recorded cells in monkey PFC during delayed-response task
- neurons responded to stimulus flashed in specific location and during delay
- info remains available via these neurons as long as they continue firing
59
WM Individual Capacity
- participants in groups by high and low WM capacity; shown either simple or complex stimuli
- high capacity participants better at ignoring distractors
60
Cognitive Control
- involves regulating behavior and attention and resisting impulses
- linked to tuning out distractors, not just focusing on relevant stimuli
- strongly connected to WM; those w/ high WM capacity often have better cognitive control
61
Primacy Effect
- enhanced recall for items at the beginning of a list
- a serial position effect
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Recency Effect
- enhanced recall for items at the end of a list
- a serial position effect
63
Visual Coding
- STM: holding image in the mind to reproduce a visual pattern that was just seen
- LTM: visualizing what the Lincoln Memorial in DC looked like when you saw it last summer
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Auditory Coding
- STM: representing sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them
- LTM: repeating a song you've heard many times over and over in your mind
65
Semantic Coding
- coding as meaning
- STM: used category-based word lists; switching categories improved recall
- LTM: retains general meaning rather than exact wording
66
Proactive Interference
previously learned information interferes w/ new information
67
Double Dissociation (H.M. & K.F.)
when one retains only short-term or long-term memory while the other is impaired
68
H.M.
- hippocampus removed to treat severe epilepsy
- retained STM but unable to transfer into LTM; unable to form new LTMs
69
Episodic Memory
- involves reliving past events w/ vivid recollection
- self-knowing or remembering
70
Semantic Memory
- involves knowledge about the world (not personal experiences)
- facts, vocab, numbers, concepts
- knowing w/o recalling a specific event
71
Double Dissociation (K.C. & L.P.)
when one retains only semantic or episodic memory and the other is impaired
72
Semantic & Episodic Brain Imaging
fMRI demonstrates that retrieval of episodic and semantic memories activates different areas of the brain
73
Remember/Know Procedure
- distinguish between familiarity and recollection
- "remember" (have specific recollections of) or just "know" (feel familiar with)
74
Memory & the Future
- link between ability to remember past and imagine future scenarios
- pts w/ impaired episodic memory struggle to imagine personal future events
75
Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis
proposes that episodic memories are recombined to construct future event simulations
76
Explicit Memory
- conscious
- episodic and semantic memory
77
Implicit Memory
- unconscious
- procedural memory
- priming
- conditioning
78
Procedural Memory
- skill memory; memory for actions
- perform procedures w/o being consciously aware of how to do them
- people who cannot form new LTMs can still learn new skills
79
Expert-Induced Amnesia
when an expert performs a highly practiced skill automatically and then has trouble recalling specific details of their actions
80
Priming
presentation of priming stimulus changes person's response to test stimulus
81
Repetition Priming
- test stimulus similar/the same as priming stimulus
- seeing a stimulus causes faster responses to the same stimulus
- person may or may not remember original presentation of priming stimuli (implicit memory)
82
Propaganda Effect
- more likely to rate statements read or heard before as true
- involves implicit memory bc it can occur when people are not aware of previously hearing/seeing statement
- implications for advertisements
