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ECS 111 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Community

A

assemblage of populations of organisms living in same space, same area, at the same time

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2
Q

How much heat energy is lost as you move up trophic levels?

A

10%

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3
Q

Keystone Species

A

essential species within an ecosystem

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4
Q

Keystone Predator

A

consumes the competitively superior prey, keeping its population in check and allowing other species to exist

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5
Q

Keystone Modifier

A

ecosystem engineer; maintain a keystone function by creating, changing, or destroying a habitat

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6
Q

Keystone Mutualist

A

engage in mutually beneficial relationships

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7
Q

Disturbance

A

An event with drastic impacts on environmental conditions

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8
Q

Resistance

A

resist the disturbance and maintain original function

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9
Q

Resilience

A

bounce back from damage

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10
Q

Permanent Modification

A

either becomes a different kind of community or goes extinct, will never return to what it was before the disturbance

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11
Q

Succession

A

Process by which natural communities succeed one another over time

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12
Q

2 types of succession

A

primary and secondary

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13
Q

Primary

A

occurs when there is a disturbance that it so severe that no life, vegetation, or nutrients remain; all that remains is bare rock

Arrival of pioneer species that are specially adapted to colonize areas where nothing else can survive; takes hundreds of years

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14
Q

Secondary

A

begins when a disturbance dramatically alters an existing community, but does not entirely destroy all life; not starting from scratch
Can take as few as 5 - 10 years depending on the ecosystem

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15
Q

Regime Shift

A

large, abrupt, persistent changes in structure and function of ecosystems

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16
Q

Responding to invasive species

A

eradication, control, prevention

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17
Q

Eradication

A

total elimination of a population; issue is making sure you get all of them

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18
Q

Control

A

limiting growth, spread, and impact

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19
Q

Prevention

A

stopping invasions in the first place, never giving them the chance to happen; cheapest option

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20
Q

Restoration Ecology

A

study of how to renew and restore degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems

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21
Q

Biome

A

large geographical biotic community that has formed in response to the surrounding physical environment; distinguished by dominant plants and dominant climate

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22
Q

What identifies different biomes?

A

variations in latitude, humidity, seasonal variability, and elevation

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23
Q

Latitude

A

tropical, subtropical, temperate, boreal, arctic

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24
Q

Humidity

A

arid, semi-arid, semi-humid, humid

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25
Seasonal Variability
uniform rainfall or dry/wet season
26
Elevation
increased elevation can mimic increased latitude
27
What are the two most important factors that drive biomes?
temperature and precipitation
28
List the 10 terrestrial biomes
tundra boreal forest desert savanna grassland temperate forest tropical seasonal forest temperate rainforest tropical thorn scrub and woodland tropical rainforest
29
Tundra soil
Soil is constantly freezing and unfreezing, ripping apart anything in the soil (ex: tree roots will get destroyed)
30
Boreal soil
Nutrient poor, acidic soil
31
Desert soil
Soil is rich in minerals but lacking in organic material; desertification of soil in other regions due to soil degradation
32
Savanna soil
Soils are compact w/ low water permeability, which keeps trees out; limiting factor
33
Grassland soil
fertile soil
34
Temperate deciduous soil
Fertile soils due to leaves falling off, dying, and decomposing into the soil
35
Tropical seasonal forest soil
High soil fertility has led to making these areas into farmlands, cutting down the natural vegetation and causing erosion
36
Temperate Rainforest soil
Fertile soils, but susceptible to landslides when forests are cleared Very moist, damp areas
37
Tropical thorn scrub and woodland soil
Semi-arid, “Mediterranean” climate
38
Tropical rainforest soil
Soil is low in nutrients due to constant rain that washes away nutrients and biodiversity immediately uses up nutrients within the soil
39
Aquatic Biomes
lakes and ponds, inland wetlands, coastal ocean, open ocean, streams and rivers, estuaries, coral reefs, and hydrothermal vents (determined by depth, salinity, and permanence of water)
40
Natural Capital Assets
the world’s stock of assets (geology, soil, air, water, biotic, etc.) → the natural goods and services that humans depend on
41
Ecosystem services
the flow of benefits that we gain from the natural world; always framed in the benefit of humans, anthropocentric perspective
42
Ecosystem functions
the processes that happen naturally
43
Difference between ecosystem services and functions
functions benefit EVERYTHING, whereas services benefit HUMANS
44
4 categories of services
provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting
45
Provisioning
products from ecosystems ex: Oil, sun, energy, wind, water, food, medicinal properties from plants, fabrics/textiles, minerals
46
Regulating
regulation of processes ex: Carbon sequestration Pollination Water filtration Climate regulation Pest and disease control Decomposition
47
Cultural
non-material benefits from ecosystems ex: Sense of place Recreational activities (diving, hiking, camping, ecotourism) Aesthetic quality (appreciate nature just because it exists, ex: watching the sunset) Spiritual or religious connections to nature Science and education (learn from and teach about nature) Inspirations for art, music, writing, etc.
48
Supporting
services necessary for production of all other services ex: Primary production Soil formation Nutrient cycling
49
Ways in which services can change
enhancement or degradation
50
Enhanced services
productive capacity has grown, or a change in the service has led to greater benefits
51
Degraded services
current use exceeds sustainable levels, reduces benefits through change in the service and human pressure leading to pushing the service past its limits
52
How has the human population grown since Industrial Revolution?
exponentially
53
Factors allowing for population growth
reduced death rates due to improved medical care, better access to food, technological innovations, improved sanitation
54
Limiting factors for humans
living space, food and water, environmental conditions
55
IPAT Model
I = P x A x T Impacts = Population x Affluence x Technology
56
Demography
Quantitative study of human populations to determine changes in structure
57
Characteristics studied in demography
Population size Density Distribution Age structure Sex ratio Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates
58
5 Stages of Transition Model
1: High Stationary / Pre-Industrial 2: Early Expanding / Transitional 3: Late Expanding / Industrial 4: Low Stationary / Post-Industrial 5: Declining (?)
59
What is the percentage of fresh water on Earth?
2.5%
60
How does liquid fresh water occur?
surface water or groundwater
61
Surface Water
lakes, streams, rivers; 1% of supply
62
Groundwater
pores of rocks and spaces between soil; 20% of supply
63
Infiltration
water seeps through the soil, becoming groundwater
64
What are natural exits for groundwater to transition to surface water?
seeps and springs
65
Seep
water flows out in a wide area
66
Spring
water exits from a relatively small area

ECS 111 (2 decks)

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