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Anatomy 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Special lymphoid vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary _ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in _

A

Protein

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3
Q

_ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the_

A

Collecting ducts
Subclavian veins

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4
Q

_ employ a “respiratory burst” to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H202) and hypochlorite (HClO)

A

Neutrophils

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5
Q

Which of the following is not an example of lymphoid tissue

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

T cells achieve immunocompetence in the

A

Thymus

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7
Q

The _ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age

A

Thymus

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8
Q

The only lymphoid organ with afferent lymphatic vessels are the

A

Lymph nodes

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9
Q

Which of the following does not belong to the second line of defense

A

The gastric juices

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10
Q

One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer cells is

A

Granzymes

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11
Q

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _ during a process called _

A

Neutrophils and macrophages
Opsonization

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12
Q

Endogenous pyrogens are produced by

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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13
Q

The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is _

A

Margination

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14
Q

_ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation

A

Impaired use

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15
Q

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

A

Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen

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16
Q

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates _ immunity

A

Artificial passive

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17
Q

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has _ antigen-binding sites

A

Two

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18
Q

Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn

A

IgA

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19
Q

Helper T cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein

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20
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are like Natural Killer cells because both

A

Secrete granzymes and perforin

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21
Q

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response

A

Antigen recognition- antigen presentation- clonal selection-differentiation- attack

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22
Q

Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into

A

Plasma cells

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23
Q

Most common allergies are the result of

A

Type I (acute) hypersensitivity

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24
Q

Bronchoconstriction, dyspnea, and widespread vasodilation are all characteristics of

A

Anaphylactic shock

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25
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly
Helper T cells
26
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system
Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
27
Which of the following is directly related to respiratory production of carbon dioxide
Regulation of pH
28
The nose is divided into the right and left halves called the
Nasal fossae
29
What are the most numerous cells in the lungs
Dust cells
30
Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and less vertical than the one on the opposite side
Left main bronchus
31
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the
Epiglottis
32
Which of the following is the term for the lungs’ resistance to expansion
Pulmonary compliance
33
Deep, rapid, breathing often seen in terminal diabetes mellitus is known as what
Kussmaul respiration
34
During exercise, which of the following directly increases respiratory rate
Anticipation of the needs of exercising muscle
35
In the air we breathe, which gas is found in the highest concentration
Nitrogen
36
Normally, the systemic arterial blood has a PO2 of _ mm Hg, a PCO2 of _ mm Hg, and a pH of _
95 40 7.4
37
In one passage through a bed of systemic blood capillaries ,the blood gives up about what percentage of it’s oxygen
20% to 25%
38
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum
Chronic bronchitis
39
Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi
Adenocarcinoma
40
Scuba divers breathe a nitrogen-oxygen mixture rather than pure compressed oxygen in order to avoid what condition
Oxygen toxicity
41
The vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves carry afferent signals from peripheral chemoreceptors to chemosensitive area in the
Medulla oblongata
42
Your breathing rate is 12 breaths/minute; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; and your dead air space is 150 mL. Your alveolar ventilation rate is mL/min
4,200
43
Which of the following issues output to the VRG to adjust the respiratory rhythm
DRG
44
The pH of the cerebrospinal fluid is monitored by which of these brainstem centers
Central chemoreceptors
45
If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through
Nares- vestibule- nasal cavity- nasopharynx- oropharynx- laryngopharynx- larynx- trachea- primary bronchus- secondary bronchus- tertiary bronchus- bronchiole- terminal bronchiole- respiratory bronchiole- alveolar duct- alveolar sac- alveolus
46
Upon inspiration, what is the name of the air in the conducting zone that is not available for gas exchange
Anatomical dead space
47
Air consists of about 78.6% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and 0.5% water. At sea level, (760 mmHg) what is the PCO2?
0.3 mm Hg
48
Which law states that the total atmospheric pressure is a sum of the contributions of the individual gases?
Daltons
49
Conditions around metabolically active tissues do what to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Shift it right
50
What is the least common but most dangerous form of lung cancer?
Small-cell carcinoma
51
Which structure is highlighted
Lower lobe of left lung
52
Which structure is highlighted
Nasal cavity
53
Which structure is labeled #2
Cricoid cartilage
54
What is indicated in this figure
Lobar bronchi
55
The diagram shows some of the muscles that are active during inhalation. Which muscle is labeled 3?
Internal intercostals
56
Which of the following is not true about the anatomy of the urinary system?
The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity
57
In life-threatening starvation, the kidneys synthesize glucose by
Deaminating amino acids
58
A by-product of protein catabolism, _ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste
Urea
59
Which organ system does not excrete waste
The cardiovascular system
60
A renal pyramid voids urine into the
Minor calyx
61
The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the
Fibrous capsule
62
The average person has approximately _ nephrons per kidney
1.2 million
63
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium
The thin segment of the nephron loop (loop of henle)
64
Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex
Segmental artery- interlobar artery- arcuate artery- cortical radiate (Interlobular) artery
65
The _ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its _ innervation is unknown
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
66
Assuming all other values are normal, calculate the net filtration pressure in a patient with a drop in capsular hydrostatic pressure to 8 mmHg
20 mm Hg out
67
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate
Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
68
In response to a drop in the overall blood pressure, _ stimulates constriction of the glomerular inlet and even greater constriction of the outlet
Angiotensin II
69
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the
Proximal convoluted tubule
70
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in
Appearance of that solute in the urine
71
In the thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of henle), K+ renters the cell from the interstitial fluid via the _. K+ is then secreted into the tubular fluid.
Na+ - K+ pump
72
Aldosterone acts on the
Distal convoluted tubule
73
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure
Preventing sodium loss in the urine
74
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through
Collecting duct
75
Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintains the salinity gradient of the renal medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
76
The overall purpose of the countercurrent exchange system is to
Supply salt and urea to the renal medulla
77
The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called
Urochrome
78
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for the sweetness of urine as a sign of
Diabetes mellitus
79
Creatinine has a renal clearance of 140 mL/min Why is this?
It is secreted by the renal tubules
80
Which of the following is not found in the ureter
Skeletal muscle
81
82

Anatomy 2 (3 decks)

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