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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three hypothesis of evolution for viruses

A

Devolution, escapist, and viruses first

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2
Q

Non enveloped viruses

A

Adino virus, polio, HPV, and hepatitis a virus

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3
Q

Enveloped virus

A

HIV

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4
Q

Which viruses mutate more frequently

A

RNA VIRUSES

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5
Q

Ways to classify a virus

A

Nucleus acid type, capsid structure, enveloped/non-enveloped, and genome structure

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6
Q

DNA virus

A

Smallpox virus

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7
Q

Why are mutation rates so high in RNA viruses

A

RNA Polymerase doesn’t have proof reading capabilities

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8
Q

Where does rna virus replication take place

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

Example of an rna virus

A

Influenza, coronavirus

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10
Q

Cytopathic effects

A

Lysis, apoptosis, widespread symptoms from immune response

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11
Q

Double stranded dna

A

mRNA is transcribed from the DNA template (herpes virus)

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12
Q

Single stranded dna

A

DNA is converted to double strand before RNA is transcribed (parvovirus)

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13
Q

Double stranded rna

A

mRNA is transcribed from the RNA genome (rotavirus)

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14
Q

Positive single strand RNA

A

Genome functions as mRNA (common cold), can be immediately translated

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15
Q

Negative single strand RNA

A

mRNA is transcribed from the RNA genome (rabies), cannot be immediately translated

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16
Q

Other genome classification

A

RNA reverse transcriptase, DNA reverse transcriptase

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17
Q

What is a retrovirus

A

Can reverse transcriptase it’s RNA genome into DNA form (HIV)

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18
Q

What is budding

A

a process by which many viruses exit the host cell after replication

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19
Q

Superbug

A

Bacteria that are resistant to almost all/all antibiotics

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20
Q

Covid 19

A

Enveloped, non segmented, Positive single stranded RNA,

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21
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

Molecular and antigen

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22
Q

Molecular testing

A

Detective genetic material

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23
Q

Antigen testing

A

Detect protein on surface of virus

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24
Q

Antibody testing

A

Looks for antibodies made from already having the virus previously or has been vaccinated

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25
What is in a vaccine
A virus that’s ability to harm has been weakened, inactivated virus, molecular subunits (spike proteins)
26
Plant virus horizontal transmission
Plant to plant (pollen, insects)
27
Plant virus vertical transmission
Plant to seed
28
Hyperplasia
Galls, tumors
29
Hypoplasia
Thinned yellow splotches in leaves
30
Cell necrosis
Dead, blackened stems, leaves, or fruit
31
Prion diseases
Mad cow disease, kuru, scrapie, chronic wasting disease
32
Do prions have nucleic acids
No
33
What are prions
Protein infectious particles that are misfolded proteins that induce normal proteins to become abnormal as well
34
Viroids
Small circles of RNA that infect plants
35
Gram positive
Purple stained Thick peptidoglycan layer
36
Gram negative
Stained pink Thin peptidoglycan layer Outer lipid bilayer More resistance to antibiotics
37
Capsule / slime layer
Adheres to surfaces or other cells Holds in moisture Resists attack from immune system
38
Fimbriae
Hair like structure that sticks to surfaces / to others
39
Sex pilus
Pulls two bacterial cells together for DNA transfer
40
Hpv
Naked Icosahedral, double stranded dna
41
Varicella-zoster
Also known as chickenpox Can lead to shingles Double stranded DNA Enveloped icosahedral
42
Flagella
Structure in prokaryotes used for mobility
43
What do prokaryotes not have
Membrane bound organelles, microtubules
44
What has internal flagella
Spirochetes
45
Why is infolded plasma membrane advantageous
More surface area
46
Who pushed for endosymbiotic theory
Lynn margulis
47
What are plasmids
Free floating DNA rings that replicate independently of the chromosome, they add diversity
48
Akinetes?
Specialized cells that help for survival during tough conditions in Cyanobacteria (n punctiforme)
49
What is the main way to get diversity in prokaryotes
Mutations
50
Transformation
Discovered by Griffith, showed horizontal DNA transfer by a cell incorporating foreign genetic material into its own genome
51
Transduction
When a phage capsule mistakenly traps bacteria DNA instead of viral DNA and introduces it to other bacterium when infected
52
What is required in conjugation
The F factor
53
What is conjugation
Method of introducing genetic diversity by building a sex pilus between an f+ donor cell and an f- recipient cell. This brings in new genes and makes both cells f+
54
What is HFR conjugation
Type of conjugation where f factor is part of chromosome and during the mating bridge, a part of the chromosome from the donor cell peels off and goes across mating bridge to the recipient cell. DOES NOT MAKE BOTH CELLS F+
55
Autotroph
Uses compounds to make their food
56
Heterotroph
Uses organic compounds for foods
57
What temperature make things sterile?
121 degrees
58
What does corona virus first make when it finds a host
RNA dependent RNA polymerase
59
What does T4 bacteriophage infect
E. coli
60
How does P. Fumari gain its energy
Hydrogen oxidation, it’s a chemoautolithroph
61
Why are chemoheterotrophic bacteria important
They are decomposers
62
What does P fumarii fix
Carbon from CO2
63
Obligate anaerobes
Can’t do oxygen, it’s toxic to them
64
Facultative anaerobes
Normally use oxygen but can switch to anaerobic if needed
65
Obligate aerobes
Must have oxygen
66
What is nitrogen fixation
Converts N2 to NH4+
67
What are heterocysts
Where nitrogen fixation occurs in Cyanobacteria
68
69
What do pathogenic bacteria secrete
Exotoxins
70
What bacteria secrete exotoxins
Botulism, tetanus
71
What are endotoxins
Toxic outer membrane in gram negative bacteria
72
What are proteobacteria
Gram negative bacteria that cause gastrointestinal illness (salmonella and cholera, E. Coli)
73
What domain (s) has a nuclear envelope
Eukarya
74
What domain (s) have membrane enclosed organelles
Eukarya
75
What domain (s) have peptidoglycan cell walls
Bacteria
76
What domain (s) have unbranched hydrocarbons in membrane lipids
Bacteria and eukarya
77
What domain (s) have introns and histones
Archaea and eukarya
78
What domain (s) have circular chromosomes
Bacteria and archaea
79
Chlamydia is a
Endoparasite that is a gram negative bacteria
80
Spirochetes are ?
Free-living, disease causing, spiral shaped bacteria Syphilis and Lyme disease
81
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria that generates oxygen and can also fix nitrogen
82
Gram positive bacteria examples (MATTLS)
MRSA infections, Staph infections, anthrax, tetanus, tuberculosis, and leprosy
83
84
Who was the first to observe protists
Anton Von Leuwenhoek
85
Nucleus function
Houses cell’s DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope
86
Mitochondria function
Generates ATP through cellular respiration
87
Endoplasmic reticulum ER Function (rough)
Protein synthesis (embedded with ribosomes)
88
Endoplasmic reticulum ER Function (smooth)
No ribosomes, lipid synthesis
89
Golgi apparatus
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
90
Lysosomes
Digestive enzymes that break down cell waste
91
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and harmful substances into water and oxygen
92
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
93
Cytoskeleton
Helps maintain cell shape, structural support Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
94
Vacuole
Used for storage, turgor pressure for plants
95
Chloroplasts
Conduct photosynthesis
96
Nucleolus
Site where ribosomal rna is synthesized
97
Microtubules
Cell support, transport, mitosis, and key for cilia and flagella movement
98
Flagella movement
Whip like movement
99
Cilia movement
Oar movement
100
What do flagella, cilia, and centrioles have in common
They are made up of microtubules
101
1st origin of eukaryotes
A nucleus and ER
102
2nd origin of eukaryotes
Mitochondria
103
3rd origin of eukaryotes
Chloroplast
104
4th origin of eukaryotes
Plasmids from secondary endosymbiosis
105
106
What is multinucleate
A cell with more than one nucleus, doesn’t go through cytokinesis
107
Diplomonads
Unicellular, multiple flagella, no cell wall, parasitic, anaerobic
108
Giardia intestinalis
Intestinal parasite, diplomonads Consumed in water
109

Nutrition (1 decks)

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