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A&P Extras > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many scalene muscles are there? What are their names?

A

Anterior scalene
Middle scalene
Posterior scalene

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2
Q

Both ends of the anterior scalene muscle are attached where?

A

-1st rib
- C3-C6

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3
Q

Both ends of the middle scalene muscle are attached where?

A

-1st rib
- C3-C7

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4
Q

Both ends of the posterior scalene muscle are attached where?

A

-2nd rib
-C5-C7

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5
Q

What is the conversion factor for mmHg to cmH2o?

A

1 mmHg = 1.36 cmH2O

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6
Q

Increased/decreased lung volume above/below FRC will cause a passive ________ in pulmonary vascular resistance. Why?

A

Increase.
Volume ABOVE FRC increases alveolar vascular resistance, resulting in higher total PVR.
Volume BELOW FRC increases extraalveolar resistance, resulting in higher total PVR.

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7
Q

Does an INCREASE in PAP, LAP, blood volume, and C.O. cause an increase or decrease in PVR? Is this passive or active?

A

DECREASE; this is a passive decrease in PVR. The opposite would also be true - decreasing any of these factors will passively increase PVR

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8
Q

How does gravity produce a passive decrease in PVR?

A

West perfusion zones
The “dependent” portions of the lungs will have higher intravascular pressure and a higher volume of blood
High intravascular pressure/high volume –> reduced PVR via distention and recruitment

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9
Q

Will an increase in interstitial fluid pressure increase or decrease PVR?

A

passive increase in PVR

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10
Q

Will positive-pressure ventilation increase or decrease PVR?

A

passively increase PVR

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11
Q

Mediators which ACTIVELY increase PVR:

A
  • NE, Epi, alpha-agonists
  • PGE-2, PGF-2 alpha
  • Thromboxane
  • Endothelin
  • Angiotensin II
  • Histamine
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12
Q

Mediators which ACTIVELY decrease PVR:

A
  • parasympathetic tone
  • ACh
  • PGE-1, PGI-2 (Prostacyclin)
  • Beta-2 agonists
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Bradykinin
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13
Q

Starling Capillary Equation:

A
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14
Q

People can tolerate a LAP of ____ mmHg before experiencing pulmonary edema

A

23 mmHg

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15
Q

At FRC in the upright position, a transpulmonary pressure of +8.5 cmH2o allows the upper lobe alveoli to be at __ % volume expansion

A

60%

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16
Q

At FRC in the upright position, a transpulmonary pressure of +1.5 cmH2o allows the lower lobe/base alveoli to be at __% volume expansion

A

25%

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17
Q

At RV in the upright position, a transpulmonary pressure of +2.2 cmH2o allows the upper lobe alveoli to be at __% volume expansion

A

30%

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18
Q

At RV in the upright position, a transpulmonary pressure of -4.8 cmH2o allows the lower lobe/base alveoli to be at __% volume expansion.

A

20%. Alveoli cannot be compressed below 20% volume expansion d/t collapse of the airways in response to positive intrapleural pressure.

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19
Q

The baroreceptors at the carotid sinus are a branch of which cranial nerve?

Study These Flashcards
A

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

20
Q

The baroreceptors at the aortic arch are a branch of which cranial nerve?

Study These Flashcards
A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

21
Q

Which organs are the “priorities” when it comes to maintaining consistent perfusion? Which organ will have its flow reduced first?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cerebral circulation
  • Coronary circulation
  • Renal circulation

The kidneys will have their perfusion decreased under maximal sympathetic innervation

22
Q

Where is ADH (vasopressin) secreted from? What triggers its release? Can sympathetic innervation trigger the release of vasopressin?

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A
  • Secreted from neurohypophysis
  • Triggers: INCREASED osmolarity, reduced blood volume, reduced BP
  • The CNS can simply dump vasopressin directly into circulation in “emergency situations.”
23
Q

What is the CNS ischemic response?

Study These Flashcards
A

Maximal sympathetic output in response to profoundly low brainstem perfusion for several minutes.
A combination of:
-baroreceptor reflex
- RAAS
- ADH/Vasopressin release
All of these are a result of sympathetic tone

24
Q

What is the definition of cardiac reserve?

Study These Flashcards
A

the maximum amount of cardiac output that can be achieved “above and beyond what is ‘normal’”
Normal: 5 L/min

25
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved with a normal heart?
400% of normal --> 25 L/min
26
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by an athlete's heart?
600% of normal --> 35 L/min
27
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by a heart with moderate coronary artery disease?
150% of normal --> 12.5 L/min
28
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by a heart suffering from severe coronary thrombosis?
<100%, <5 L/min
29
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by a patient suffering from diptheria?
~150% normal --> 12.5 L/min
30
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by a heart suffering mild valvular disease?
300% normal --> 20 L/min
31
What is the cardiac reserve (% normal) that can be achieved by a heart suffering severe valvular disease?
<100% normal, <5 L/min
32
What are the main two lipids that compose 62% of the total lipids in surfactant?
- Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine - Unsaturated phosphatidylcholine
33
What are the four primary surfactant proteins? Which ones are hydrophobic and which ones are hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic: - SP-A and SP-D Hydrophobic: -SP-B and SP-C
34
How many alveoli are contained in the lungs of a healthy 20 year old?
500 million
35
How many capillaries are in each alveolus?
1,000 capillaries
36
What is the total surface area of gas exchange tissue (alveolar ducts/alveolar sacs) in the lungs?
70 m^2. The size of a tennis court.
37
What is the formula for calculating the Pi O2? Pi N2? (partial pressure of inspired oxygen/nitrogen/CO2)
PiO2 = FiO2 (Pb - P H2o) PiN2 = FiN2 (Pb- PN2)
38
A 68-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents with increasing shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in his legs. A cardiac catheterization is performed, and the following values are recorded: Pulmonary vein O2 content = 18 mL O2/dL of blood Pulmonary artery O2 content = 10 mL O2/dL of blood Oxygen consumption (VO2) = 240 mL/min Stroke volume = 50 mL What is the man's cardiac output?
C.O. = 3L/min
39
A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital after a myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization reveals the following values: Pulmonary vein O2 content = 22 mL O2/dL of blood Pulmonary artery O2 content = 14 mL O2/dL of blood Oxygen consumption (VO2) = 220 mL/min Stroke volume = 60 mL What is her cardiac output?
C.O. = 2.75 L/min
40
A 58-year-old man, 5ft 10in. tall and weighing 160 lb, presents with shortness of breath. During the measurement of his lung volumes, he rebreathes the gas in a 25-liter capacity spirometer that originally contained 12 L of 20% Helium. After a few breaths, the concentration of Helium in his lungs equals that in the spirometer, which is now 16% Helium. At the end of a normal expiration, the spirometer volume is 12.35 L, corrected to BTPS. What is his functional residual capacity (FRC)?
C1 * V1 = C2 * (V1 + V2) V2 = 2.65 L = FRC *** V2 = FRC This formula is simpler than the Lange Book: FHe (initial) x Vsp (initial) = FHef (Vsp (final) + Vl (final)) Just know that if it's "corrected to BTPS" that will be V1 on the right half of the equation.
41
A 70-year-old man who is 5ft 8in. tall and weighs 135 lb complains of difficulty breathing. A lung volume test is performed where he rebreathes gas in a 30-liter capacity spirometer initially containing 18 L of 10% Helium. After a number of breaths, the concentration of Helium in his lungs matches that in the spirometer, now 8% Helium. At the end of a normal expiration, the spirometer holds 17.5 L when corrected to BTPS. What is his functional residual capacity (FRC)?
C1 * V1 = C2 * (V1 + V2) V2 = 5L = FRC *** V2 = FRC This formula is simpler than the Lange Book: FHe (initial) x Vsp (initial) = FHef (Vsp (final) + Vl (final)) Just know that if it's "corrected to BTPS" that will be V1 on the right half of the equation.
42
What is the correct formula for calculating FRC when given an initial [He] and volume, then a final [He]?
FHe (i) x Vsp (i) = FHe (f) (Vsp (f) + V lungs (f)) initial Helium fraction x initial spirometry volume = final helium fraction * (final spirometry volume + final volume of the lungs [FRC])
43
What is the body's normal oxygen consumption per minute?
V̇O2 = 250 mL/min 5 mL/dL
44
Pulmonary Compliance:
45
Total lung compliance:
46
What is the alveolar equation?
47
What is the Bohr equation?

A&P Extras (2 decks)

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