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EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of the term stigma?

A

Stigma originated with the Greeks to describe bodily signs designed to expose something unusual and bad about a person’s moral status

The Greeks would cut or brand a sign on a person’s body to indicate that they were a criminal, slave, or traitor.

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2
Q

How does Goffman (1960) define stigma?

A

Goffman defines stigma as an attribute that is deeply discrediting

This definition is found in his book on stigma.

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3
Q

What is a discreditABLE person?

A

A discreditable person is someone whose stigma is not readily apparent or known about in advance

Example: Someone with a burn on their body in a place not visible in everyday clothing.

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4
Q

What is a discreditED person?

A

A discredited person is someone whose stigma is readily apparent or known about in advance

Example: Someone who is missing a limb.

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5
Q

List the three different types of stigma.

A
  • Body
  • Physical deformities
  • Individual character

Individual character can include being dishonest, having a mental illness, or being gay.

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6
Q

What is the central feature of the stigmatized person’s situation in life?

A

The central feature is the question of acceptance

Stigmatized individuals often wonder if people will accept them and to what extent.

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7
Q

Who are considered normals in the context of stigma?

A

Normals are people who are not stigmatized.

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8
Q

What occurs during interactions between normals and stigmatized individuals?

A

Moments occur where causes and effects of stigma are confronted by both sides.

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9
Q

True or False: Stigmatized individuals are always sure how they will be received by normals.

A

False

Stigmatized individuals may be unsure of how they will be perceived by normals.

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10
Q

What do stigmatized people feel like in social situations?

A

They feel that they’re ‘onstage’ and are self-conscious about the impression they make.

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11
Q

Who are ‘Sympathetic Others’?

A

‘Sympathetic Others’ are individuals who share the stigma.

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12
Q

How does a gay man feel when going to a gay bar compared to the larger world?

A

He doesn’t need to be ‘onstage’ in the gay bar unlike in the larger world.

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13
Q

What are ‘Wise People’?

A

‘Wise People’ are persons who are normal but are aware of the life of the stigmatized individual.

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14
Q

What are the two types of ‘Wise People’?

A
  • People who work in establishments that cater to the needs of the stigmatized (e.g., nurses)
  • People who are related through the social structure to a stigmatized individual.
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15
Q

What does Goffman refer to as courtesy stigma?

A

Courtesy stigma refers to the stigma that affects those related or associated with stigmatized individuals.

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16
Q

What is a common behavior people exhibit towards stigmatized individuals?

A

People tend to either avoid or terminate relationships with stigmatized individuals.

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17
Q

What is an example of stigma among stigmatized individuals?

A

Sex offenders in Canadian penitentiaries are an example, where some prisoners are more stigmatized than others.

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18
Q

Which group of sex offenders is considered the most stigmatized?

A

Pedophiles and child molesters are considered the most stigmatized.

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19
Q

What does ‘SO’ stand for?

A

‘SO’ stands for sex offenders.

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20
Q

What are examples of signs?

A

Wedding band, wealthy attire, someone wearing a cross

These signs can convey different meanings depending on the context and the observer.

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21
Q

What are the two categories of signs based on their duration?

A

Permanent or temporary

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22
Q

What does it mean if a sign is congenital?

A

Something you’re born with

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23
Q

Can signs mean different things to different groups?

A

Yes, possible for signs to mean one thing to one group and something else to another group

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24
Q

What was the purpose of colorful patches on prisoners’ uniforms in earlier times?

A

To designate people who were escape prone

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25
How might a guard and a prisoner interpret colorful patches differently?
Guard sees it as problematic, negative meaning; prisoner sees it as a positive, sense of hope
26
What is a queue in terms of hairstyle?
A male hairstyle that's like a pigtail for labor in America
27
How do perceptions of the queue hairstyle differ between white westerners and Chinese immigrants?
White westerners see it as negative and too feminine; Chinese immigrants see it as a positive tradition
28
What is the reliability of signs based on?
Signs vary according to their reliability
29
Do all married people wear their wedding bands every day?
No, not all married people wear their wedding bands every day
30
What is venous stigmata?
Distended or broken up capillaries in the cheeks and nose
31
What assumption is often made about people with venous stigmata?
People assume they are heavy drinkers
32
Is it true that all alcoholics have venous stigmata?
False, not all alcoholics have this condition
33
What can influence the perception of a person's identity?
He is what others are; assumptions based on relationships/friendships
34
What is the transition described in Voluntary Disclosure?
From a discreditable person who manages information to a discredited person who manages tension in social situations.
35
What is stigma according to Goffman?
Exists when elements of labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows them. ## Footnote Goffman's concept emphasizes the social dynamics that contribute to the experience of stigma.
36
Which concept is associated with stigma consciousness?
Dr. Pruitt argues it is associated with stereotype threat ## Footnote Stigma consciousness refers to the awareness of being negatively stereotyped and its effects on individuals.
37
What is labeling in the context of social processes?
A social process where not all differences matter socially; most differences are ignored.
38
How is deviance described?
As a social construction.
39
What do stereotypes do?
Link a person to a set of undesirable characteristics that form the stereotype.
40
Give an example of a stereotype related to disability status.
People of Irish descent compared to apes.
41
What does the phrase 'No Irish need apply' signify?
A historical example of discrimination against people of Irish descent.
42
What does separation refer to in social contexts?
'Us' vs. 'them'; defining outgroups.
43
How are outgroups often perceived?
As a menace or threat; fundamentally different.
44
What is status loss?
The downward placement of a person in a status hierarchy.
45
What can status loss lead to?
Discrimination and a cascade of negative effects on opportunities.
46
What is the relationship between status loss and discrimination?
The lower status itself becomes the basis of discrimination.
47
What is individual discrimination?
Discrimination based on personal characteristics, such as an onlyfans model not being dated.
48
What is structural/institutional discrimination?
Accumulated institutional practices leading to discrimination.
49
Provide an example of structural/institutional discrimination.
Having a criminal record.
50
Fill in the blank: Status loss can lead to _______.
discrimination
51
True or False: All differences are socially significant.
False
52
Status loss and discrimination
Disadvantaged when it comes to a general profile of life chances. Ex. jewish students entry into universities.
53
What is stigma consciousness?
The expectation of stereotyping ## Footnote Stigma consciousness involves the anticipation and/or fear of rejection, affecting interpersonal interactions.
54
How does stigma consciousness affect behavior?
It makes individuals more defensive, less confident, and may lead to avoidance of interactions with others.
55
What is stereotype threat?
The stereotype becomes a threat or challenge due to evaluation based on the stereotype or confirmation through behavior.
56
What concerns are associated with stereotype threat?
Concerns of confirming stereotypes or being seen as the stereotype.
57
What is the relationship between stigma and power?
Stigma is entirely dependent on social, economic, and political power.
58
Provide an example of stigma related to power.
Nazis and Jews.
59
True or False: Stigma is a matter of degree.
True.
60
Fill in the blank: There are _______ to stigma.
degrees
61
% of people released and % that will return to prison in 3 years
Roughly 95% released and 40% returning
62
White people callback for jobs
34% without records got callbacks. 17% with records got callbacks.
63
Black people callback for jobs
14% without records got callbacks. 5% with records got callbacks.
64
Lists more than 1,050 cases in which individuals have been found to have been wrongfully convicted.
Mistaken eyewitnesses False confessions Jailhouse snitches Erroneous use of forensic science Ineffective lawyering Police misconduct Prosecutorial misconduct Tunnel vision
65
US (2012) DNA exonerations
DNA evidence has exonerated in excess of 300 persons. DNA not available in most cases
66
Two ways Offender Stigma
During their incarceration, they had indirect association with criminals. People may assume that the wrongfully convicted themselves are truly criminals.
67
Shechory & Idisis (2006):
individuals had reduced willingness to have certain types of social contact with some types of crime victims
68
Prejudice was tested using an “attitude thermometer” and
emotion rating scales (anger and pity) Zero degrees = extremely unfavorable 100 degrees = extremely favorable
69
Subjects expressed more pity for ____ than ____ but were not more willing to do what?
wrongfully convicted persons general person Not willing to provide assistance to them
70
only _ states fo not allow arrest to be expunged
5
71
Does it matter how long a person's record is stale?
No, it will still be taken into consideration
72
True or false: Someone who has an arrest and no conviction can still have that prevent employment
True
73
Those with an extensive criminal record histories were
ineligible for expungement.
74
Most Americas believe that deserving ex-offenders should
have a second chance.
75
Merely being arrested can make people face
ongoing stigma and are more likely to be targeted by police.
76
Expungement is not
an immediate remedy.
77
Most states expunge a juveniles’ criminal history automatically when he/she reaches
17/18
78
Physical Deviance
Deviations from appearance norms or norms associated with body type or body function - stigmatized and negatively sanctioned
79
During the 16th and 17th centuries,
many believed evil spirits afflicted cripples. -evilness is punished by God through physical abilities
80
Criminal Records Include
All Arrests Even if someone wasn’t convicted, their arrest is still recorded.
81
Licensing Barriers
Many jobs now require state licenses, and people with criminal records often can't get them.
82
Fewer Job Opportunities
In the past, people with criminal records could work in manufacturing jobs. But as these jobs disappeared, they were left with fewer options because retail and service jobs require direct contact with the public, making employers hesitant to hire them.
83
Easier Access to Records
Employers, landlords, and the public can easily look up someone's criminal history online. Private companies even sell background checks, making it hard for people to move on from their past.
84
Difficult to Fix Mistakes
If someone’s record has errors or outdated information, it's tough to remove it from the internet.
85
Criminal Records Are Common
Studies estimate that 1 in 3 American adults has a criminal record, even if they were never found guilty of a crime.
86
Stigma Even for Minor Arrests
Even a small arrest can negatively impact someone’s life, making it harder to find work or housing.
87
Ways to Seal or Erase Records
Expungement – Completely erases a record, even from police files. Complete Sealing – Hides a record from the public, but police and some agencies can still see it. Partial Sealing – Hides some charges while leaving others visible.
88
Are people with old records still more likely to reoffend?
No. After enough time has passed, a person with a "stale" criminal record is no more likely to commit a crime than someone without a record.

SOCL 309 (3 decks)

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