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exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for allele frequency?

A

p + q = 1

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2
Q

what is the equation for genotype frequency?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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3
Q

why is gene frequency important? what happens when we alter gene frequency?

A

if you change the gene frequency, it’s going to change the mean performance

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4
Q

define heritability

A

-

  • h^2
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5
Q

what is the equation for heritability?

A

% heritability = variation due to heredity / variation due to both heredity and environment x 100

or

% heritability = genetic variation / phenotypic variation x 100

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6
Q

define repeatability

A
  • repeatability estimates indicate the likelihood that an individual will tend to repeat records for a particular trait throughout it’s life (the likelihood that an individual is going to repeat a trait throughout its’ life)
  • repeatability estimates refer to the expression of the same trait at different times in the life of the same animal (measured more than once)
  • R = repeatability of a trait
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7
Q

define effective number

A
  • the number of breeding animals that you would need to not be impacted by genetic drift
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8
Q

what is the equation for effective number?

A

Ne = 4 Nm Nf/ (Nm + Nf)

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9
Q

what is a generation interval?

A
  • the average time it takes to completely replace the current herd with their offspring
  • it is equal to the average age of the breeding herd
  • total offspring / generation = offspring / year * years
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10
Q

what are traits that have high heritability?

A
  • typically structural and qualitative traits
  • ex: coat color, bone, fat, mature size, horns
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11
Q

what are traits that have moderate heritability?

A
  • growth and production traits
  • ex: any yield, birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, average daily gain
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12
Q

what are traits that have low heritability?

A
  • survivability and reproductive traits
  • disease resistance, litter size, calving interval, longevity in the herd
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13
Q

what sources of data are needed to calculate EPD? where do we get our information for sire summaries?

A

pedigrees, performance data, offspring data, etc.

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14
Q

what are the assumptions for hardy weinberg equilibrium?

A
  • random mating
  • large populations
  • equal fitness among genotypes
  • equal fertility among genotypes
  • equal gene frequencies between sexes
  • no mutations have occurred
  • there has been no mixture with another population
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15
Q

what is accuracy?

A

the correlation between the estimated and true genotype (what is estimated and what what actually happened)

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16
Q

controlling frequencies (allele and genotype)

A
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17
Q

what is the 1st rule of probability?

A

the probability of a single event that is one of a set of mutually exclusive events is the sum of the probabilities of the single events

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18
Q

what is the 2nd rule of probability?

A

the probability of two or more of a series of independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities of occurrence of the single events (the occurrence of one event does not exclude the event of another)

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19
Q

if I need to be 95% confident, how many animals do I need?

A

five normal offspring

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20
Q

what are confidence levels?

A
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21
Q

sources of data

A
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22
Q

are parent relationships or grandparent relationships more reliable?

A

parent

the further away you get from the animal, the less reliable the information will be

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23
Q

population curves and their selection intensity (which one is going to have the biggest change)?

A
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24
Q

what is genetic drift? what happens to it as population grows?

A

a random statistical fluctuation (independent of natural selection)

as the population becomes larger, the effect of chance becomes smaller

chan’t guaranteed no change in gene frequency

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25
define migration
- a mixture of populations - introduction of some mix of genes into an existing population that is some mix of their own genes - introduction of alleles from outside the population
26
what is mutation?
- an unexpected shift in the DNA - the biochemical event of a change in DNA sequence - source of all variation on an evolutionary scale
27
define selection (multiple definitions)
- choosing those animals with a higher number of desired alleles from your population - selecting the parents for the next generation - can be natural or artificial
28
define quantitative traits (multiple definitions)
- refers to the quantity of something (expressed numerically) - a trait that can be defined as a measurable characteristic that could go on a numeric scale - must be defined numerically to be accurately described - affected by many loci - affected by the environment
29
define qualitative traits (multiple definitions)
- refers to the quality of something (categorical in nature) - characteristics - not defined using a metric (numeric) definition to be accurately described - have no overlap (is either one thing or another, no in between) - controlled by few loci, little-to-no environmental effect - less important for production
30
define threshold traits (multiple definitions)
- discrete (have to draw a line) on a qualitative/phenotypic scale and continuous (many different small factors impacting it) on a quantitative/genetic scale - phenotypically, will either have that quality or not have that quality (black or white) - sometimes traits or observations can be subjective, so we have to create a threshold - least accurate traits
31
_________ + __________ = _____________
genotype + environment = phenotype
32
define incomplete dominance
the dominant allele does not dominate the recessive allele entirely, instead an intermediate trait presents in offspring (ex: pink flower from red and white parents)
33
define co-dominance
when the alleles do not show any dominant and recessive allele relationship (ex: roan)
34
what is a trait considered if h^2 < 0.20?
low heritability
35
what is a trait considered if 0.20 < h^2 < 0.40?
moderate heritability
36
what is a trait considered if h^2 > 0.40?
high heritability
37
on the production pyramid, what is the state of groups vs individuals as we move down the pyramid?
more focused on individuals on the top and groups at the bottom
38
define selection differentials
- the difference between the average of the parent compared to the average of the herd that they were in - selection differential = response / h^2 - how much different the parents have to be from the average of the herd in order for us to see the change that we want
39
what percentage of genes is shared between offspring and parent? grandparent? full sibling? half sibling?
50%, 25%, 50%, 25%
40
miniature horse
classification: miniature horse characteristic: have dwarfism, maximum of 34 in. origin: northern europe
41
shetland pony
classification: pony characteristic: oldest and smallest pony breed, can be any color (often sorrel) origin: shetland islands
42
pony of america
classification: pony characteristic: cross between an appaloosa and a shetland pony, large pony origin: USA
43
welsh pony
classification: pony characteristic: bred for coal mining, commonly black/gray origin: wales
44
arabian
classification: foundational light horse characteristic: “father breed” of the light horses, long-distance, endurance horses origin: arabia
45
thoroughbred
classification: foundational light horse characteristic: for intermediate distances, typically solid colors (bay, gray, chestnut, black) origin: england
46
quarter horse
classification: light horse characteristic: all colors (without excessive white), known for short distances origin: USA
47
standardbred
classification: light horse characteristic: known as trotters and pacers, not typically ridden origin: east USA
48
morgan
classification: light horse characteristic: bay, black, brown, or chestnut, known for pleasing temperament origin: USA
49
american paint
classification: light horse characteristic: originated from quarter horse and thoroughbred, any base color with white patterning origin: USA
50
american saddlebred
classification: light horse characteristic: five gaited horse, docile and intelligent origin: USA
51
clydesdale
classification: draft horse characteristic: heavy leg feathering, used for pulling carts and working land origin: scotland
52
belgian
classification: draft horse characteristic: thick/curly leg hair, known for trainability (being docile) origin: belgium
53
shire
classification: draft horse characteristic: weight more than 2,000 lbs, largest modern horse breed origin: england
54
percheron
classification: draft horse characteristic: originally war horses, primarily black or dapple grey origin: france
55
trakehner
classification: warmblood horse characteristic: bred for athleticism, thoroughbred and arabian influence origin: prussia
56
holsteiner
classification: warmblood horse characteristic: conformation for “self-carriage”, bay, brown, chestnut, or black origin: germany
57
hanoverian
classification: warmblood horse characteristic: previously a carriage horse, generally the most conformationally balanced of the warm bloods origin: germany
58
what is MPPA?
- most probably producing ability - lifetime averages which show the ability of certain individuals to repeat a high level of performance over a long period of time
59
inbreeding increases _______ and decreases ____________.
homozygosity; genetic variation
60
what are examples of quantitative traits?
- weight - height - speed - feed efficiency, growth rate, speed, milk yield, fat content, agility
61
what are examples of qualitative traits
- red vs black - mulefoot vs cloven hoof - horned vs polled - solid vs spotted - cleft palate, horns, colors, PSS, rate of feathering
62
what are examples of threshold traits?
- susceptibility to diseases - resistance to diseases
63
if rr, q = ____ if Rr, q = ____ if RR, q = ____
1, 0.5, 0 (q refers to the recessive allele)
64
what does inbreeding do?
increases homozygosity
65
the principle involved in a progeny test is that…
each progeny receives 1/2 of its inheritance from each parent, and this is a sample of each parent’s breeding value

animal breeding (4 decks)

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