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Psychopharm > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following is not a monoamine?

A

GABA

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2
Q

What does the ‘Blackout effect’ refer to?

A

Anterograde amnesia

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Akathisia (an inability to remain physically still)

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4
Q

Where is lithium primarily metabolized and excreted?

A

Kidney (NOT LIVER, like most things! Lithium is often incorrectly thought to be metabolized in the liver).

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5
Q

Which neurotransmitter is closely associated with schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

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6
Q

Decreased positive affect in depression is associated with

A

low Dopamine
low Norepinephrine

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7
Q

Withdrawing from barbiturates can cause

A

Vivid dreams

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8
Q

What is a key indicator for distinguishing mania from hypomania?

A

Need for sleep

Mania: Okay with little to none
Hypomania: 4-6 hours/night

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9
Q

What does the ‘N’ in SNRI stand for?

A

Norepinephrine

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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with cognitive psychotic symptoms?

A

Glutamate

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11
Q

What is a common side effect of both SSRIs and SNRIs?

A

Dizziness

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12
Q

What combination prevents switching into mania with bipolar disorder?

A

Olanzapine-Fluoxetine combo

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13
Q

Benzodiazepines impact the effects of?

A

GABA

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14
Q

What do first-generation antipsychotics block?

A

D2 receptors

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15
Q

What do TCAs act on?

A

Both serotonin & norepinephrine

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16
Q

What is one effect of barbiturates?

A

Hypnotic

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17
Q

Which phase is NOT one of the four phases of bipolar?

A

Astute hypomania

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18
Q

What percentage of people with mania present with psychotic symptoms?

A

75%

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19
Q

Which of the following is a z-drug?

A

Luneza
Sonata
Ambien

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20
Q

What does the kindling hypothesis of bipolar disorder suggest?

A

Episodes become more challenging to predict over time

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21
Q

What is a primary reason for non-adherence to lithium use for bipolar disorder?

A

Weight gain

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22
Q

What is the oldest antidepressant?

A

MAOIs

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23
Q

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

Appearing as a deficit to normal functions:

5 A’s
* 1. Affective flattening (restrictions in range/intensity of emotional expression)
* 1. **Alogia **(restrictions in fluency/productivity of thought/speech)
* 1. Avolition (restrictions in goal-directed behavior)
* 1. Anhedonia (lack of pleasure), especially anticipatory anhedonia
* 1. Asociality

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24
Q

Known cause of tardive dyskinesia

A

Blocking dopamine in receptors
inside the basal ganglia

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25
Most commonly studied neurotransmitters of schizoprenia
Dopamine Glutamate
26
1st generation antipsychotics
* "typical" antipsychotics * act on D2 receptors * they are **dopamine antagonists**
27
2nd generation antipsychotics
* atypical antipsychotics * acts on D2 receptors AND serotonin 5-HT2 receptors *** serotonin-dopamine antagonists**
28
agranulocytosis
lowered white blood cell count (acute, severe, dangerous)
29
akathisia
inability to remain still
30
acute dystonia
involuntary, muscle contractions, causing repetitive movements or abnormal posture that can be painful
31
tardive dyskinesia
repetitive muscle movements in the face, neck, arms, legs
32
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
high fever, severe muscle rigidity
33
an advantage of benzodiazapenes
one antidote for them all: FLUMAZENIL
34
Benefits of Z drugs
* produces less motor & neurological impairment * less dependence therefore less abuse, fewer withdrawal sx,
35
SEDATIVES
ALL SEDATIVES IN SUFFICIENT DOSES CAN PRODUCE AMNESIA & LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
36
side effects of benzos on older adults
* dementia: memory loss * ataxia: instability in balance, increased probability of falling
37
38
Antidepressants can treat
* depression * GAD * OCD * Panic disorder * PTSD * SAD * BULIMIA
39
Areas of the brain associated with low level of monoamine as its related to depression: low serotonin affects
prefrontal cortex amygdala hypothalamus
40
Areas of the brain associated with low level of monoamine as its related to depression: low dopamine affects
prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens basal ganglia hypothalamus
41
Key monoamines
Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine **(NOT GABA)**
42
monoamine hypothesis of depression
Posits that depression is caused by a monoamine deficiency (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)
43
depressive disorders
MDD bipolar depression PDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder atypical depression seasonal affective disorder
44
What are monoamines?
**neurotransmitters** and **neuromodulators** that contain one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (neuromodulates regulate neurons)
45
PRIMARY negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Abnormal neurodevelopment
46
SECONDARY negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Caused or made worse by another factor (ie: Positive symptoms (paranoia) Depression Anxiety Dementia Medical conditions (pain) Environmental deprivation Social stigma Drug abuse Side effects of antipsychotic medications)
47
biological cause of depression low dopamine
decreased positive affect
48
biological cause of depression low norepinephrine
increased negative affect decreased positive affect
49
biological cause of depression low serotonin
increased negative affect
50
most common residual symptoms after treatment of depression
fatigue insomnia decreased concentration anhedonia
51
least common residual symptoms after treatment of depression
depressed mood suicidality psychomotor retardation
52
SSRI withdrawal syndrome
FINISH * flu-like symptoms * insomnia * nauseau * imbalance * sensory symptoms * hyperarousal (anxiety, agitation)
53
Classes of Antidepressants
SSRIs SNRIs TCAs atypical antidepressants serotonin modulators monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAIs)
54
insomnia
*** initial/early**: difficulty falling asleep *** middle**: waking up during the night & trouble getting back to sleep *** terminal/late: **waking up before intended time & cannot go back to sleep
55
response
50% decrease of symptoms
56
remission
removal of all symptoms for several months
57
recovery
sustained remission for 6 months or longer
58
relapse
symptoms reappear before remission or recovery
59
recurrence
symptoms reappear after recovery
60
phases of treatment
acute: 6-8 weeks continuation: same dose for 9-12 months maintenance: medication for 1 year or more

Psychopharm (3 decks)

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