Exam 2

Question 1

Cephalochordate

Answer 1

-peaceful protochordate
-amphioxus like, filter feeding
-most resemble vertebrates
-protein skeleton

Question 2

Agnathan (a)

Answer 2

-first vertebrates and first fish

-muscular pharynx (cartilage replaces collagen)

-semi powerful pharyngeal pump

-jawless

Question 3

Gnathostome (a)

Answer 3

-powerful jaw for biting prey

-larger body

-predatory nature

-powerful pharyngeal pump

Question 4

Agnathan (b)

Answer 4

-diverse jawless fish (condonts)

CAMBRIAN

-Dentin (bone like) mechanism in mouth

Question 5

Ostracoderm

Answer 5

-elaborate skeleton

-ancestor to Gnathostome

Question 6

Endoskeleton

Answer 6

cartilaginous, strengthens notochord

Question 7

Exoskeleton

Answer 7

bony plates to protect soft bodies

Question 8

Lamprey

Answer 8

-ANADROMOUS
-most are parasitic

-vert. characteristics displayed

-no paired fins, jaws, or bones (primative)

-vertebrae are arcularia

-5-7 year life cycle

Question 9

ANADROMOUS

Answer 9

born in freshwater, return to saltwater in adulthood

Question 10

Neural crest cells

Answer 10

-Give rise to cranial structures

-Distinguishing characteristic of verts.

Question 11

Gnathostome (b)

Answer 11

SILURIAN PERIOD

-jaws derived from anterior pharyngeal arches

-predatory lifestyle

Question 12

Placoderm

Answer 12

-some of the first jawed fish

-heavy, bony plates protected body

Question 13

Vertebrates–animals with chordate characteristics along with:

Answer 13

1. a vertebral column that forms embryonically around notochord and replaces it during development
2. a complete cranium

(*some verts. do not have a vertebral column but ALL have a cranium)

Question 14

Chondrichthyes

Answer 14

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD (when placoderms went belly-up)

-cartilaginous fish

-constant swimming & hydrodynamic shape keep body afloat

Question 15

Elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, skates) (a)

Question 16

Elasmobranch characteristics (b)

Answer 16

rays-flattened body and large pectoral fins

-spiracle

-clasper (mating is internal fertilization, fert. eggs can be kept until hatching)

Question 17

Spiracle

Answer 17

modified first gill slit, used to “breath” water into pharynx

Question 18

Oviparous

Answer 18

egg laying, external

Question 19

Viviparous

Answer 19

placental live birth

Question 20

Ovoviviparous

Answer 20

internal egg hatching, live birth

Question 21

Osteichthyes characteristics

Answer 21

-air filled swim bladders (for bouancy)

-Operculum (flap covering gill opening)

-lungs to supplement/replace gills

-surface covered in ganoid scales

Question 22

Actinopterygians

Answer 22

DEVONIAN PERIOD

-largest division of bony fish

-fins supported by rays

Question 23

Chondrostei

Answer 23

early forms of Actinopterygians

Question 24

Neopterygians: Teleosts

Answer 24

most common fish

Question 25

Saropterygians

Answer 25

-fleshy-finned fish -gave rise to tetrapods -bones from pectoral girdle of fleshy fins are the same as tetrapods

Question 26

Amphibians

Answer 26

transitional group between fish and tetrapods

Question 27

Amniotes

Answer 27

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD -first fully terrestrial tetrapods -amniotic egg

Question 28

Anapsids

Answer 28

no temporal fenestrae, extinct but turtles

Question 29

Synapsids

Answer 29

LATE PERMIAN -one pair of temporal fenestra -Reptiles, keratinized skin

Question 30

Diapsids

Answer 30

two pairs of temporal fenestra (Aquatic) icthyosaur, plesiosaur (Terrestrial) archosaurs

Question 31

Tetrapods

Answer 31

DEVONIAN PERIOD derived from rhipisistians

Question 32

Where were lungs first found?

Answer 32

Sarcopterygians

Question 33

Archaeoperyx

Answer 33

transitional reptile

Question 34

Mammals

Answer 34

TRIASSIC PERIOD

Question 35

monotremes

Answer 35

monotremes-egg laying mammals, cloaca, no nipple

Question 36

marsupials

Answer 36

live birth, no placenta

Question 37

placental

Answer 37

all other mammals