Exam 2

Question 1

What are the components of the shoulder girdle?

Answer 1

Scapula and clavicle

The shoulder girdle consists of the scapula and the clavicle, which work together to allow a range of movements.

Question 2

What movements are associated with scapular elevation and depression?

Answer 2

Elevation and depression

Scapular elevation refers to lifting the scapula, while depression involves lowering it.

Question 3

What is the role of the AC ligament?

Answer 3

Strengthens the joint superiorly

The acromioclavicular ligament provides stability to the AC joint.

Question 4

What is the only bony connection between the humerus and the axial skeleton?

Answer 4

SC (sternoclavicular) joint

The sternoclavicular joint is crucial for connecting the upper limb to the torso.

Question 5

What actions does the pectoralis minor perform?

Answer 5

Downward rotation, anterior tilt, and depression of scapula

The pectoralis minor also assists in lifting the ribs during forced inspiration.

Question 6

What is the primary function of the serratus anterior?

Answer 6

Abduct (protract) scapula

It is active during reaching and pushing motions.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The _______ stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint.

Answer 7

Subclavius

The subclavius muscle helps protect and stabilize the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 8

What movements does the trapezius muscle facilitate?

Answer 8

Elevation, upward rotation, adduction, and depression

The trapezius has different parts that contribute to various movements of the scapula.

Question 9

What is the primary action of the biceps brachii?

Answer 9

Flexion and supination of forearm

The biceps brachii is essential for movements such as lifting and twisting.

Question 10

True or False: The glenoid labrum deepens the glenoid fossa.

Answer 10

True

The glenoid labrum also cushions the impact of the humeral head.

Question 11

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Answer 11

Hinge joint

The elbow joint primarily allows for flexion and extension.

Question 12

What is the primary movement at the radioulnar joints?

Answer 12

Pronation and supination

These movements are crucial for rotating the forearm.

Question 13

Which muscle lies under the biceps brachii?

Answer 13

Brachialis

The brachialis is responsible for flexion at the elbow.

Question 14

What are the main movements of the hip joint?

Answer 14

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, outward and inward rotation

The hip joint’s structure allows for a wide range of motions.

Question 15

What is the role of the iliopsoas muscle?

Answer 15

Strong hip flexor

The iliopsoas is essential for movements involving hip flexion.

Question 16

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Answer 16

Hinge joint

The talocrural joint allows for dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle.

Question 17

What are the primary actions of the gastrocnemius?

Answer 17

Powerful plantar flexor

The gastrocnemius plays a key role in movements such as rising on toes and jumping.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The _______ joint is a ball and socket joint.

Answer 18

Hip joint

The hip joint’s structure allows for extensive movement in multiple planes.

Question 19

What are the components of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 19

Ilium, ischium, pubis

The pelvic girdle supports the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing.

Question 20

What is the function of the patellar ligament?

Answer 20

Attaches to tibial tuberosity and prevents patella displacement

The patellar ligament is crucial for knee stability.

Question 21

What is the main function of the flexor carpi radialis?

Answer 21

Flexes wrist and radial deviation

This muscle plays a vital role in wrist movements.

Question 22

True or False: The interphalangeal joints are hinge joints.

Answer 22

True

They allow for flexion and extension of the fingers.

Question 23

What movements are associated with the thumb?

Answer 23

Abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension

The thumb has a unique range of motion compared to other fingers.

Question 24

What is the primary action of the Soleus muscle?

Answer 24

Strong ankle plantar flexion

The Soleus is crucial for movements requiring plantar flexion, especially during standing and walking.

Question 25

What is the role of the Tibialis posterior?

Answer 25

Plantar flexes tarsal joints and supination when foot is plantarflexed, helps hold up longitudinal arch ## Footnote The Tibialis posterior is significant for maintaining the arch of the foot.

Question 26

What does the Flexor digitorum longus do?

Answer 26

Flexes toes, plantar flexes, helps inversion ## Footnote This muscle is involved in toe movement and plantar flexion.

Question 27

What is the function of the Flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 27

Flexes great toe, plantar flexed, helps inversion ## Footnote It plays a vital role in toe movement and stability of the foot.

Question 28

When do the intrinsic muscles of the foot activate?

Answer 28

Don’t get activated until 200% force or body weight ## Footnote This indicates their role in high-load scenarios.

Question 29

What type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 29

Hinge joint ## Footnote It permits flexion and extension of the head.

Question 30

What is the function of the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 30

Pivot joint for rotation ## Footnote This joint allows rotation of the head.

Question 31

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 31

7 cervical vertebrae ## Footnote These vertebrae are crucial for neck mobility.

Question 32

Describe the facet orientation in the cervical spine.

Answer 32

Slant at 45 degree angle, favors rotation and lateral flexion ## Footnote This unique angle allows for a greater range of motion.

Question 33

What is the characteristic of thoracic spine facets?

Answer 33

Facets face backward, slightly upward, and laterally, permit rotation and lateral bending ## Footnote This design supports the rib attachments.

Question 34

What is the orientation of lumbar spine facets?

Answer 34

Facets face inward and slightly backward, locked against rotation ## Footnote This structure allows for flexion and hyperextension.

Question 35

What are the primary movements of the spine?

Answer 35

Flexion, hyperextension, lateral flexion, and rotation ## Footnote These movements are essential for overall spinal function.

Question 36

What is lordosis?

Answer 36

Outward curvature of the spine in the cervical and lumbar regions ## Footnote It is a normal spinal curvature that aids in weight distribution.

Question 37

What is kyphosis?

Answer 37

Inward curvature of the thoracic spine ## Footnote It can lead to postural issues if exaggerated.

Question 38

What is the role of the prevertebral muscles?

Answer 38

Singly: laterally flex and rotate to opposite side; Together: flex head and neck ## Footnote These muscles are important for neck movement and stability.

Question 39

What action do the external oblique muscles perform?

Answer 39

Singly: laterally flex spine; Together: fix thoracic and lumbar spine ## Footnote They play a key role in trunk rotation.

Question 40

What is the function of the rectus abdominis?

Answer 40

Singly: laterally flex spine; Bilaterally: flex thoracic and lumbar spine ## Footnote This muscle is crucial for core stability.

Question 41

What does the transversus abdominis do?

Answer 41

Stabilizes trunk ## Footnote It is the deepest abdominal muscle and essential for core stability.

Question 42

What is the action of the erector spinae muscles?

Answer 42

Singly: rotates spine to same side; Together: extends head and spine ## Footnote They are crucial for maintaining posture.

Question 43

What are the scalenus muscles responsible for?

Answer 43

Singly: laterally flex neck; Together: flex cervical spine and elevate upper ribs in forced inspiration ## Footnote These muscles assist in breathing and neck movement.

Question 44

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle do?

Answer 44

Together: flex neck and head; Singly: laterally flex head and neck, rotate to opposite side ## Footnote It is vital for head movement.

Question 45

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

Answer 45

Singly: laterally flex lumbar spine; Together: stabilize pelvis and lumbar spine ## Footnote It plays a significant role in maintaining pelvic stability.

Question 46

What is the role of the psoas major and minor?

Answer 46

Singly: laterally flex lumbar spine; Together: stabilizes spine ## Footnote They are critical for hip flexion and lumbar stability.