Exam 2

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

A cell lacking a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

Virus

Answer 2

A non-cellular entity that replicates only inside a living cell.

Question 3

Bacteriophage (phage)

Answer 3

A virus that infects bacteria.

Question 4

Horizontal transmission

Answer 4

The transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not parent and offspring.

Question 5

Vertical transmission

Answer 5

The transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring.

Question 6

Phage recombination

Answer 6

The exchange of genetic material between phages, resulting in new combinations of genes.

Question 7

Plating

Answer 7

A technique to grow microorganisms in a petri dish.

Question 8

Colony

Answer 8

A visible cluster of microorganisms growing on a solid medium, derived from a single cell.

Question 9

Cell clone

Answer 9

A population of cells derived from a single cell.

Question 10

Prototroph

Answer 10

A microorganism that can synthesize all its required organic substances from simple inorganic salts.

Question 11

Minimal medium

Answer 11

A growth medium that contains the minimal nutrients needed for prototrophic growth.

Question 12

Auxotroph

Answer 12

A microorganism that requires specific organic nutrients for growth that are not needed by prototrophs.

Question 13

Resistant mutant

Answer 13

A mutant organism that can survive exposure to a harmful agent.

Question 14

Genetic marker

Answer 14

A gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.1

Question 15

Conjugation

Answer 15

The direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another.

Question 16

Donor

Answer 16

A cell that transfers genetic material to another cell during conjugation.

Question 17

Recipient

Answer 17

A cell that receives genetic material during conjugation.

Question 18

Fertility factor (F)

Answer 18

A bacterial plasmid that allows the donor cell to initiate conjugation.

Question 19

F+ (donor)

Answer 19

A bacterial cell that contains the F plasmid and can act as a donor in conjugation.

Question 20

F- (recipient)

Answer 20

A bacterial cell that lacks the F plasmid and acts as a recipient in conjugation.

Question 21

Plasmid

Answer 21

A small, circular DNA molecule that is separate from the bacterial chromosome.

Question 22

Rolling circle replication

Answer 22

A DNA replication process where one strand is nicked and used to synthesize a complementary strand, resulting in a long, continuous DNA copy.

Question 23

Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

Answer 23

A bacterial strain in which the F plasmid has integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

Question 24

Interrupted mating

Answer 24

A technique used to map bacterial genes by disrupting conjugation at specific time intervals.

Question 25

Exconjugant

Answer 25

A cell that has undergone conjugation.

Question 26

Origin (O)

Answer 26

The point on the Hfr chromosome that is the start of DNA transfer during conjugation.

Question 27

Terminus

Answer 27

The end point of DNA transfer during conjugation.

Question 28

Endogenote

Answer 28

The recipient's chromosome in a merozygote.

Question 29

Exogenote

Answer 29

The donor's DNA fragment in a merozygote.

Question 30

Merozygote

Answer 30

A partially diploid bacterial cell containing its own chromosome and a fragment of donor DNA.

Question 31

Unselected marker

Answer 31

A genetic marker that is not specifically selected for in an experiment.

Question 32

F' plasmid

Answer 32

An F plasmid that also carries some bacterial chromosomal DNA.

Question 33

R plasmid

Answer 33

A plasmid that carries genes for antibiotic resistance.

Question 34

Transformation

Answer 34

The process by which bacteria take up DNA from the surrounding environment and incorporate it into their own chromosome.

Question 35

Double transformation

Answer 35

A transformation experiment involving two genetic markers.

Question 36

Lysis

Answer 36

The disintegration of a cell.

Question 37

Lysate

Answer 37

The product of cell lysis.

Question 38

Plaque

Answer 38

A clear area on a bacterial lawn caused by phage infection and lysis of bacterial cells.

Question 39

Double (mixed) infection

Answer 39

Simultaneous infection of a bacterial cell with two different phages.

Question 40

Selective system

Answer 40

An experimental condition that allows only organisms with a specific trait to survive or grow.

Question 41

Screen

Answer 41

A process to identify organisms with a particular phenotype.

Question 42

Transduction

Answer 42

The transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another by a phage.

Question 43

Virulent phage

Answer 43

A phage that replicates in its host and kills it by lysis.

Question 44

Temperate phage

Answer 44

A phage that can either replicate and lyse the host cell or integrate its DNA into the host chromosome as a prophage.

Question 45

Prophage

Answer 45

The latent form of a temperate phage that is integrated into the host chromosome.

Question 46

Lysogen (lysogenic bacterium)

Answer 46

A bacterium that carries a prophage.

Question 47

Generalized transduction

Answer 47

Transduction in which any bacterial gene can be transferred by a phage.

Question 48

Cotransductant

Answer 48

Two genes that are transferred together during transduction.

Question 49

Specialized transduction

Answer 49

Transduction in which only specific bacterial genes adjacent to the prophage insertion site are transferred.

Question 50

Zygotic induction

Answer 50

The expression of phage genes in a lysogen following conjugation or transduction.

Question 51

λ attachment site

Answer 51

The specific site on the bacterial chromosome where the lambda (λ) phage integrates.