Exam 2

Question 1

What is phonology?

Answer 1

the set of rules that govern the occurrence and distribution of phonemes

Question 2

How does word frequency influence linguistic processing?

Answer 2

high frequency words are recognized and produced more easily

Question 3

How does neighborhood density influence linguistic processing?

Answer 3

low density words (words with few minimal pairs) are easier to learn because they are harder to confuse with another word

Question 4

What is phonotactic probability?

Answer 4

likelihood of a sound sequence occurring in the language, common sequences are perceived and produced more easily

Question 5

What is the goal of independent analysis?

Answer 5

to examine child’s unique sound system independent of adult target

Question 6

What are some strategies for independent analysis?

Answer 6

phonemic inventory, word shape inventory

Question 7

What is the goal of relational analysis?

Answer 7

to examine child’s productions in relation to adult form

Question 8

What are some strategies for relational analysis?

Answer 8

phonological processes, PCC, pMLU, proximity

Question 9

Age of elimination for final consonant deletion

Answer 9

3 years old

Question 10

Age of elimination for stopping

Answer 10

3-5 years

Question 11

Age of elimination for fronting

Answer 11

4

Question 12

Age of elimination for cluster reduction

Answer 12

4 (5 for /s/)

Question 13

Age of elimination for weak syllable deletion

Answer 13

4

Question 14

Age of elimination for deaffrication

Answer 14

4

Question 15

Age of elimination for gliding

Answer 15

6

Question 16

Age of elimination for vowelization

Answer 16

6

Question 17

What constitutes a true “first word”

Answer 17

used purposefully/intentionally, consistent pronunciation similar to adult form, used consistently beyond context in which it was learned (not stimulus bound)

Question 18

When does word spurt happen?

Answer 18

1;6-2;0, learning 8-10 words per day

Question 19

How many words do children learn prior to word spurt?

Answer 19

slowly acquire ~50 words, then word spurt

Question 20

What is expressive parental conversational style?

Answer 20

more prescriptive, fewer utterances, focus on personal-social, results in more even distribution across word categories

Question 21

What is referential parental conversational style?

Answer 21

more descriptive, more utterances, labeling, results in dominance of general nominals

Question 22

What are nominals?

Answer 22

things, most frequent in production
general: all members of a category
specific: names of individual items of a category

Question 23

What are action words?

Answer 23

most frequent in comprehension
General: up, sit, go
Locatives: in, on
Social-action games: peekaboo

Question 24

What are personal-social words?

Answer 24

express affective states or social relationships
Assertions: yes, no, want
Social-expressive actions, hi, bye, please

Question 25

What are modifiers?

Answer 25

properties and qualities of things or events Attributes: big, little States: all gone, hot, more Locatives: there, here Possessives: mine, mommy food

Question 26

What is mapping?

Answer 26

forming a mental link between a referent and a symbol

Question 27

What is fast mapping?

Answer 27

initial, tentative definition connecting word to available info

Question 28

What is slow mapping?

Answer 28

extended phase in which the child gradually refines the definition with new info gained with additional exposures

Question 29

What are cognitive strategies for word learning?

Answer 29

Whole word assumption: words refer to whole objects Type assumption: words refer to type rather than individual example Mutual exclusivity: words mean different things

Question 30

What are linguistic strategies for word learning?

Answer 30

Bootstrapping: using what you know to support what you don't know Language structures: provide insight to word meanings Work best for learning verbs

Question 31

What is overextension, under-extension, and appropriate use?

Answer 31

Overextension: wider range of meaning than the adult form Underextension: a more limited range of meaning than adult form Appropriate use

Question 32

What are the types of overextension?

Answer 32

Categorical: extend the word to a referent in same/close category Analogical: extend the word to a referent in same/close category Relational: extend the word to a referent that is semantically or thematically similar

Question 33

What is the 30 million word gap?

Answer 33

theory that children from higher socioeconomic backgrounds hear 30 million more words than children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds

Question 34

What is a morpheme?

Answer 34

smallest unit of meaning

Question 35

What is a bound morpheme?

Answer 35

Inflectional: creates new forms of the same word using suffixes Derivational: creates a new word using prefixes and suffixes

Question 36

What is a free morpheme?

Answer 36

Lexical: carry major meaning of sentences (Open class: still adding new morphemes to language) Functional: modulate meaning of lexical (closed class, ex. conjunctions, prepositions, pronouns)

Question 37

What cognitive skills are required for morphological learning?

Answer 37

categorization of words into semantic classes, segmentation of words into morphemes