Exam 2 Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Non specific response) 1 line of defense
3rd line of defense
A
1st Line of Defense: Skin, Mucus membranes, Stomach acid (External)
2nd Line of Defense: Inflammatory response (Cap + permeability)
2
Q
Specific / Adaptive response) cells:
A
Phagocytes, Neutrophils, Macrophages & Dendritic cells, Antigen Presenting Cells (Specific Response) “Helps protein & presents flag to T-B cells”
T cells tell B cells to build antigens
Rq cytokines
3
Q
Interferon:
Made from:
A
= virus alarm
= infected cell to warn other cells of virus
A chemical that is released from a virus-invaded cell that provides nonspecific resistance to neighboring unaffected cells.
Interferes with viral replication
Acts as a “Whistle Blower”
warning healthy cells to prepare for a viral attack.
4
Q
Nonspecfic against antigen complement system
Membrane attax complex :
A
attack membrane to create “Leak channel”
This is another nonspecific defense system against antigens
Activated by two ways:
Classical Complement Pathway: Exposure to antibodies produced against a specific microorganism
Primary mechanism: Alternate Complement Pathway
Exposure to a specific carbohydrate chain found on the surface of a microbe
5
Q
Humoral Specific Immunity
A
“Seal Team 6”
Branch of immune system that may occur after reexposure to a particular antigen
Occurs in the extracellular fluid
Permanent defense system against a specific antigen resulting in an attack by antibodies
This involves antibodies!!!!
Degranulation releases (histamine kills)
6
Q
Natural Immunity aka
A
Innate Immunity
Genetically predetermine, breast milk passes antigens &/or via placenta
It is present at birth and has no relation no relation to previous exposure to a particular antigen
7
Q
Artificially Acquired Immunity
A
Acquired through vaccinations
Dead virus
Designed to give us protection from exposure to an antigen at some point in the future
8
Q
pruritus
A
Itching
9
Q
What effect does the release of histamine have on the vasculature?
A
Vasodilation.
10
Q
What type of immunity results from the administration of a vaccine?
A
Active Acquired immunity.
11
Q
What is a nonspecific response by the immune system that directly attacks a foreign substance called?
A
Cellular immunity.
12
Q
Should a patient experiencing an allergic reaction with no signs of respiratory distress or shock receive epinephrine?
A
True.
13
Q
What effect does the release of histamine have on the bronchioles?
A
Bronchoconstriction.
14
Q
What is a possible side effect of epinephrine use?
A
Chest pain.
15
Q
What do mast cells release after exposure to an allergen in which IgE antibodies are released?
A
Histamine.
16
Q
Hymenoptera are
A
a species of insects, some winged, that sting.
17
Q
Caring for chem/ burn, its keen to know if its acid or an alkali b/c:
If carbon monoxide is present should also suspect the presence of:
A
= Alkalis continue to destroy cell membranes via liquefaction necrosis
= Cyanide
18
Q
Fluid accounts for ~% of the body’s weight, Only ~% of the fluid is contained in our vascular system
A
= 60% of the body’s weight, Only about 7% of the fluid is contained in our vascular system
19
Q
If you were administering isotonic crystalloid solutions, how much would move out of the intravascular compartment within 1 hour?
A
2/3s would move out
20
Q
Hyperkalemia) 1st line med:
2) One of two 2nd line meds:
3) One of two 2nd line meds:
4) Hospital only med:
5) Hospital only med to poop:
A
1= Calcium Chloride IV 0.5-1G/3 mins (Stabilizes doesn’t fix)
2= Albuterol 10-20 mg LVN over 15 mins
3= Sodium Bicarb 50 mEq IV mil equivalent
4= Dextrose (25 grams)w/ Insulin IV (10 units)
5= Kayexalate to poop out hyperK via pull interstitial to GI
21
Q
Hydroxocobalamin:
Adult Dose:
Pedi Dose:
A
= Suspected cyanide poisoning
= 5 grams IV/IO over 15 minutes. May repeat a 2nd 5 gram dose for a max of 10 grams
= 70 mg/kg IV/IO (max 5 grams)
22
Q
Alkalotic vs acidotic burns severity
A
Alkalotic burns > Acidotic burns
23
Q
Light Burns:
Inhalation Burns:
Toxic inhalation:
Cyanide & carbon monoxide are released via:
A
= Intense light from arc welder, industrial laser (Ultraviolet keratitis)
= Inhaled gases, heated air, flames, steam; airway & resp/ injury
= Synthetic resins & plastics release toxic gases as they burn
= fake wood & such burning thus Toxic inhalation
24
Q
1 Alkalis are commonly used as:
2 Acids burns:
3 Alkalis burns:
A
1= oven and drain cleaners, agricultural fertilizers, and in industry
2= form thick, insoluble mass where they contact T. via coagulation necrosis, limiting burn damage
3= continue destroy cell membranes via liquefaction necrosis, allowing them to penetrate underlying tissue & causing deeper burns
25
2 cyanide antidote regimens are available:
= 1 Pasadena cyanide kit (amyl nitrite, Na nitrite, & Na thiosulfate)
2 newer antidote Cyanokit hydroxocobalamin
26
ABDMN cavity 3 spaces:
peritoneal space
retroperitoneal space
pelvic space
27
peritoneal space:
Retroperitoneal space:
pelvic space contains:
= contains the stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, & intestines
= contains the kidneys, proximal ureters, and adrenal glands & most major vascular structures w/in ABDMN
= urinary bladder, distal ureters, proximal urethra, terminal sigmoid colon, rectum, & anal canal
28
Hollow organs:
Solid organs:
= Stomach, Intestines (small & large), Gallbladder, Bladder.
= Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys.
29
3 dif/ types of abdominal pain:
Visceral (dull), somatic (sharp), &referred
30
What is Kehr’s sign?
pain in shoulder w/ side of affected solid ABDMN organ
left shoulder classic of ruptured spleen
Right shoulder liver
31
Radiation) S/S of Exposure:
First sign:
Lethal Dose Exposure:
Organ shutdown:
= SLUDGEM PSNS S/S
= slight nausea & fatigue
= Emesis & malaise, Epistaxis, mouth, gums, & rectum (Vomiting usually lethal exposure
= Death
32
1 Types of Radiation:
2 Radioactive Particles:
3 Alpha:
4 Beta:
5 Ionizing Rays:
6 Gamma:
7 X-Rays:
8 Atomic:
1= Radioactive Particles & Ionizing Rays
2= Alpha &Beta:
3= least worry & deflected w/ newspaper
4= flys further w/o skin penetration
5= Gamma & X-Rays
6= worst, several ft of concrete & lead
7= penetrates skin
8= nuclear reactor
33
Rad) S/S of Exposure:
First sign:
Lethal Dose Exposure:
Organ shutdown:
= SLUDGEM PSNS S/S
= slight nausea & fatigue
= Emesis & malaise, Epistaxis, mouth, gums, & rectum (Vomiting usually lethal exposure
= Death
34
Geiger Counter:
Dosimeter:
= Radiation emission measured w/ Dosimeter
= Cumulative exposure recorded
35
Bruising around the umbilical region is known as:
Cullen's Sign
36
Structure separating the upper & lower GI system?
Ligament of Treitz
37
Spleen) organ class
Location quadrant
= not an accessory GI organ, but part of immune system
= LUQ
38
The small bowel is composed of the:
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
39
A&P) True Abdomen:
= Deoudum, S(illium longest & narrowest) &L interesting (illium longest & narrowest), deud/juj distal lower GI,
40
A&P) GI) Starts & Ends@:
Parastalisis:
Digestion Tract:
= Mouth to anus
= GI moving stuff down
= 25ft-long hollow muscular tube for digestion & waste products
41
A&P) GI) Lower GI System:
To overcome Lower esophageal & bottom pallor & bottom Sphincter
= duodenjejunal junction, to include the rest of the small intestine, large intestines, & rectum/anus.
= 20ml to overcome Lower esophageal Sphincter & bottom stomach pallor Sphincter
42
A&P) GI) Accessory GI organ:
= Liver, Gall blader, Pancreas (pancreotic juice creates buffer into deuodnium),
43
Mesenteric system
membrane vascular GI blood feeder
44
Mallory-Weiss Tears:
(common w/ bulimia), Lower sphincter & espohagus is erroded away from acid
45
Peritoneum:
parietal peritoneum:
visceral peritoneum:
= ABDMN membrane lining cavity & organs (resembles lung’s pleura & Fns similarly)
= The portion that lines the cavity
= the portion that covers ABDMN organs
46
A&P) peritoneal space organs:
Retroperitoneal space organs:
pelvic space organs:
= stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, & intestines
= kidneys, proximal ureters, adrenals & most major ABDMN ves/
= urinary bladder, distal ureters, proximal urethra, terminal sigmoid colon, rectum, & anal canal Females: uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and upper vagina. males: prostate
47
A&P) retroperitoneal :
Kidneys:
= Kidneys, Aorta
= RAAS system, secrete arythoportine hormone to tell bone to dev RBC, mineral reg,
48
A&P) Intrathoracic )Major vessels:
= Descending aorta & inferior organ shears are worst injuries
49
A&P) RUQ contains:
=gallbladder, right kidney, most of the liver, some small bowel, a portion of the ascending & transverse colon, small portion of pancreas
50
A&P) LUQ contains:
LUQ = stomach, spleen, left kidney, most of pancreas, portions of the liver, small bowel, transverse & descending colon
51
A&P) RLQ contains:
RLQ =Appendix, Portions of urinary bladder, small bowel, ascending colon, rectum, (right ovary)
52
A&P) LLQ contains:
LLQ =sigmoid colon, portions of the urinary bladder, small bowel, descending colon, rectum, (left ovary)
53
!!! Murphy's signs:
= Suspected gall bladder infection→ cupping under rib w/ pressure with breath causing pain
54
!!! McBurny's point:
= RLQ pain w/ rebound tenderness ⅔ of way from umbilicus to illicac
55
Melana:
= Pooping dark black stool (150mL of blood to make)
56
A&P) Retroperitoneal space organs:
= kidneys, proximal ureters, adrenals & most major ABDMN ves/
57
A&P) pelvic space organs:
= urinary bladder, distal ureters, proximal urethra, terminal sigmoid colon, rectum, & anal canal Females: uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and upper vagina. males: prostate
58
A&P) peritoneal space organs:
= stomach, spleen, gall bladder, liver, pancreas, & intestines
59
Antihistamines=
med that arrests the effects of histamine by blocking its receptors
60
cholinergic synapses=
Synapses that use ACh as the post&preganglionic neurotransmitter
61
adrenergic synapses=
Synapses that use norepinephrine as the postgamgliomic neurotransmitter
62
Effects of Atropine Overdose =
"Hot as hell, Blind as a bat, Dry as a bone, Red as a beet, Mad as a hatter"
63
“Nitrogen washout”:
= preoxygenation/ denitrogenation -> getting lungs oxy-100% & removing nitrogen
64
(ODERS) Fruity breath:
Urine or ammonia:
Bitter almonds:
General bad breath:
Fishy vaginal/penis odor:
Fecal breath:
= DKA
= UTI
= cyanide poisoning
= hygiene and/or infection
= infection and/or Ghonearrhea
= GI obstruction
65
Skin turgor test:
Norm/ skin tugor:
Decreased skin mobility suggests:
“Tenting” Poor turgor:
= pulling skin fold over bony area then releasing it
= immediately returns to its original state.
= edema or scleroderma, a progressive skin disease.
= results from dehydration
66
Medical word for unequal pupils >1mm:
Unequal pupils alert you to:
Medical word used for pinpoint pupils:
Medical word used for dilated pupils:
Name of eye chart used to test visual acuity:
Bitemporal hemianopsia:
Left/Right Homonymous Hemianopsia:
Homonymous Quadrantic Defect:
Medical word for ecchymosis around eyes& sign of:
= anisocoria
= Brain trauma!!!
= Miosis
= Mydriasis
= Snell chart
= loss of vision in the outside half of each eye
= loss of vision in right or left half of both eyes
= loss of vision in the same quadrant of both eyes
= Periorbital ecchymosis & basilar skull fracture
67
Oxyhemoglobin is:
Carbaminohemoglobin:
Methemoglobin:
Deoxyhemoglobin:
Carboxyhemoglobin:
Sulfhemoglobin:
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c):
= oxygen carrying Hemoglobin
= carbon dioxide on hemoglobin amino-acid
= Hemoglobin not picking up ( w/ iron in ferric (Fe3+) vs oxy)
= Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen.
= Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide (CO).
= Hemoglobin irreversibly bound to sulfur.
= Hemoglobin bound to glucose for measuring long-term BGL control
68
Can loose testie from torsion in how many hours:
6 hours
69
ABDMN consistent pain for how many hours is a surgical emergency:
=6 hours
70
Bristol stool chart & types:
= type 4 healthy, type1 hard deer pebbles, type 8 liquid
71
Priapism penis causes:
= sickle cell anemia, meds, spinal damage
72
Angionecrosis Edema:
Trimsmis:
Mentim:
= angioedemna
= Locked jaw
= tip of chin
73
Needle cric/ Potential Complications:
= Barotrauma, Pneumothorax, Hypercarbia
74
2 cyanide antidote regimens are available:
Sodium nitrite dose :
Sodium thiosulfate dose:
= Pasadena cyanide kit (amyl nitrite, Na nitrite, & Na thiosulfate) & newer antidote Cyanokit (hydroxocobalamin)
= 300 mg sodium nitrite over 2 to 4 minutes for adults.
= administer 12.5 g of for the adult.
75
What is the goal of the immune system?
Defend body against foreign invaders & maintain homeostasis.
76
What is the difference between the innate and humoral branches of the immune system?
Innate: immediate, non-specific; uses skin, mucous membranes, macrophages, neutrophils. Humoral: adaptive/specific; uses B-cells & antibodies to target specific pathogens.
77
What are the three lines of defense that the immune system uses?
1st line: physical barriers (skin, mucosa). 2nd line: inflammation, fever, phagocytes. 3rd line: specific immune response (T & B cells).
78
What cell is considered the most abundant in the immune system?
Neutrophils.
79
Carbaminohemoglobin:
Methemoglobin:
Carboxyhemoglobin:
= carbon dioxide on hg amino-acid site
= Hg not picking up "Iron Hem/ site broke"
= Hg bound from carbon monoxide
80
Oxyhemoglobin:
Deoxyhemoglobin:
Carbaminohemoglobin:
= oxygen carrying Hemoglobin
= Hemoglobin not bound to oxygen.
= carbon dioxide on hemoglobin amino-acid
81
Which antibody is involved with allergic reactions?
IgE.
82
What is the most abundant antibody in the body?
IgG.
83
What is interferon and its job in the body?
Protein released by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells & inhibit viral replication.
84
What are the two types of acquired immunity?
* Active: body produces its own antibodies. * Passive: antibodies received from another source.
85
How is naturally acquired active immunity obtained?
Infection exposure.
86
How is artificially acquired active immunity obtained?
Vaccines.
87
How is naturally acquired passive immunity obtained?
Antibodies via placenta or breast milk.
88
How is artificially acquired passive immunity obtained?
Injection of immune serum (EX: antivenom).
89
What occurs when a foreign antigen enters the body, such as a bee sting?
Antigen triggers IgE production → binds to mast cells → histamine released on re-exposure → allergic response.
90
What cells in the body carry and release histamine?
Mast cells & basophils.
91
What is the process called when histamine is released?
Degranulation.
92
What are the effects of histamine on blood vessels?
Vasodilation → redness & swelling.
93
What happens to bronchioles upon histamine release?
Bronchoconstriction → SOB/wheezing.
94
What happens to systemic vascular resistance when histamine is released?
Decreased.
95
What happens to blood pressure when histamine is released?
Decreased (can cause hypotension).
96
What type of stinger does a honeybee have?
Barbed stinger (stays in skin).
97
What type of stinger do wasps or hornets have?
Smooth stinger (can sting repeatedly).
98
What is the medical word for hives?
Urticaria.
99
What is the medical word for itching?
Pruritus.
100
What are the indications for Albuterol?
Bronchospasm, wheezing, asthma.
101
What are the contraindications for Dexamethasone?
Systemic fungal infections, caution in diabetics.
102
hematemesis?
Vomiting blood.
103
hemoptysis?
Coughing up blood. "P for phlem"
104
hematochezia?
Bright red bloody stool LGI bleed "C for Colon crap"
105
What are the biggest risk factors associated with GI problems?
Drinking, NSAIDs.
106
What makes up the upper GI system?
Mouth → duodenum.
107
What is the dividing point between the upper and lower GI system?
Ligament of Treitz.
108
What is the Enteric Nervous System?
Local nervous system of GI tract; controls digestion independently of CNS.
109
Where does the digestive process start in the human body?
Mouth.
110
What is the process that moves food along the GI tract?
Peristalsis (wave-like muscular contractions).
111
What enzyme starts the chemical breakdown of carbs in saliva?
Amylase.
112
What muscle must open to allow food to enter the stomach?
Lower esophageal sphincter.
113
What is the function of the stomach?
Stores & mixes food with acid; starts protein breakdown.
114
Where does food exit the stomach?
Pyloric sphincter into duodenum.
115
What is the main job of the small intestine?
Absorption of nutrients.
116
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum
117
Where do most bowel obstructions occur?
Small intestine.
118
What is the main function of the large intestine?
Absorb water & form feces.
119
What is the normal assessment process for a patient with a GI complaint?
OPQRST + SAMPLE, vitals, abdominal exam, bowel sounds, signs of bleeding.
120
What are the three classifications of abdominal pain?
* Visceral (dull, poorly localized) * Parietal (sharp, localized) * Referred (distant site)
121
What is the most common upper GI problem that produces hemorrhage?
Peptic ulcer disease.
122
What is the most likely cause of esophageal varices?
Portal HTN from liver cirrhosis.
123
What is the treatment for esophageal varices?
Airway, O2, IV, fluids, suction, transport; may need intubation.
124
diverticulosis?
Pouches form in the colon.
125
diverticulitis?
Infection of the pouches in the colon.
126
Where do people usually have pain with diverticulosis or diverticulitis?
LLQ (left lower quadrant).
127
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the appendix.
128
What is the most common cause of appendicitis?
Fecal obstruction.
129
What is cholelithiasis?
Formation of stones in the gallbladder.
130
What is pancreatitis?
Inflammation of the pancreas; causes = alcohol, gallstones, trauma.
131
What are the major functions of the urinary system?
* Filter blood * Remove waste * Regulate fluid & electrolyte balance * Control BP * Help maintain pH
132
What activates the RAAS system?
↓ perfusion to kidneys → renin release → angiotensinogen → angiotensin I → ACE in lungs → angiotensin II.
133
What are the two major functions of the kidneys?
* Waste excretion * Fluid & electrolyte balance
134
What is ammonia converted to in the body?
Urea.
135
What are common risk factors associated with renal failure?
* Diabetes * HTN * Recurrent UTI * Nephrotoxic drugs * Trauma * Dehydration
136
What structures compose the urinary system?
* Kidneys * Ureters * Bladder * Urethra
137
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron.
138
What is the average GFR for a healthy person?
120 mL/min.
139
What cells in the kidneys monitor incoming pressure?
Juxtaglomerular cells.
140
What occurs in the Loop of Henle?
Water & Na reabsorption.
141
Why do more women than men experience urinary tract infections?
Shorter urethra, closer proximity to anus.
142
What can a UTI lead to?
Pyelonephritis, sepsis, renal damage if untreated.
143
What is the leading cause of kidney failure?
Diabetes mellitus.
144
What are the three phases of Acute Renal Failure (ARF)?
* Prerenal: ↓ perfusion (EX: shock, dehydration)
* Intrarenal: direct kidney damage (EX: toxins, infection)
* Postrenal: obstruction (EX: stones, tumors)
145
What is the leading acute cause of ARF?
Hypoperfusion.
146
What is the most common metabolic cause of death with a patient in ARF?
Hyperkalemia.
147
What are some signs and symptoms of ARF?
* ↓ urine output
* Fluid overload
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Arrhythmias
148
When does renal failure become chronic renal failure?
When kidney function is ↓ for >3 months.
149
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
Hemodialysis: blood filtered via machine. Peritoneal dialysis: uses peritoneum as filter.
150
What is the medical term for a kidney stone?
Nephrolithiasis.
151
What symptoms indicate a patient may have a kidney stone?
* Flank pain radiating to groin * Hematuria * Nausea/vomiting * Restless behavior
152
What is a priapism?
Prolonged, painful erection (not from sexual arousal).
153
What is a testicular torsion?
Twisting of spermatic cord → ischemia.
154
What is cystitis?
Infection of the urinary bladder.
155
What is pyelonephritis?
Kidney infection; UTI traveled up & infecting kidneys.
156
What is toxicology?
Study of poisons, toxins, & effects on the body.
157
How can someone be exposed to a toxic substance?
* Inhalation * Ingestion * Injection * Absorption
158
What is the most common way to be exposed to a toxin?
Ingestion.
159
dif/ between poisoning & OD?
Poisoning: exposure to toxic substance.
OD: excessive amount of a drug or substance.
160
What key information should be obtained from someone who ingested a toxin?
How long ago since your exposure.
161
What medication do we administer for chronic alcoholism?
Thiamine 100mg.
162
What is delirium tremens?
Life-threatening withdrawal syndrome in chronic alcoholics.
163
What is the medical treatment for patients who ingest or inhale a toxin?
Support ABCs first.
164
How does carbon monoxide kill us?
CO binds to hemoglobin preventing O2 from binding → cellular hypoxia.
165
What is hemoglobin bound with CO called?
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).
166
How do we manage a patient with a surface-absorbed dry toxin?
Brush off for dry powder, flush thoroughly with water for liquid.
167
What is the effect of carbon monoxide on hemoglobin?
CO binds to hemoglobin with 200× the affinity of O2, preventing O2 from binding and causing cellular hypoxia despite normal SpO2.
Hemoglobin bound with CO is called Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb).
168
What are the levels of carbon monoxide in carboxyhemoglobin (COHb)?
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
* Fatal/Lethal
## Footnote
Specific thresholds for COHb levels can indicate severity of poisoning.
169
What does a CO-Oximeter detect?
* O2Hb (oxygen-bound hemoglobin)
* COHb (carbon monoxide)
* MetHb (methemoglobin)
170
How does cyanide kill us?
Blocks cellular respiration, preventing cells from using O2 even if available, leading to rapid death.
171
What is the treatment for suspected cyanide poisoning?
Oxygen and Cyanokit.
172
What is the pathophysiology of cholinergic exposure?
Overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system due to excessive acetylcholine (ACh).
173
What is the treatment for cholinergic exposure?
Atropine and Pralidoxime (2-PAM).
174
What are the symptoms of beta blocker overdose?
* Bradycardia
* Hypotension
* Bronchospasm
* Altered mental status (AMS)
## Footnote
Treatment includes glucagon if unstable.
175
What are the symptoms of calcium channel blocker overdose?
* Nausea/Vomiting
* Headache
* Altered mental status
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Bradycardia
* Profound hypotension
## Footnote
Emergency dialysis may be required.
176
What are the symptoms of cardiac glycoside (Digoxin) overdose?
* Nausea/Vomiting
* Visual disturbances (halos)
* Bradycardia
* Arrhythmias
## Footnote
Monitoring is crucial for these symptoms.
177
What are the symptoms of tricyclic antidepressant overdose?
* Dry mouth
* Urinary retention
* Constipation
* Respiratory depression
* Seizures
* Tachycardia & arrhythmias (wide QRS complexes)
## Footnote
Sodium bicarbonate is a treatment option.
178
anticholinergic toxidromes look like?
* Dry as a bone
* Blind as a bat
* Red as a beet
* Hot as a hare
* Mad as a hatter
## Footnote
Symptoms include dry skin, blurred vision, flushed skin, and hallucinations.
179
What is activated charcoal?
Adsorbent substance; binds toxins in the GI tract to prevent absorption.
180
Primary Rx for any Pt w/ suspected poisoning?
Support ABCs, prevent further exposure, rapid transport, consult Poison Control.
181
What is a toxidrome?
A group of S&S typical of a specific class of toxins.
182
narcotic opiate antidote:
Naloxone (Narcan).
183
Common stimulants?
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Caffeine
Ecstasy
184
stimulant OD S/S:
Tachycardia, Hypertension, Dilated pupils, Agitation, Hyperthermia, Seizures
185
What is serotonin syndrome?
Toxic levels of serotonin due to SSRI use or drug interaction.
186
What is the main organ affected by drug use and poisonings?
Liver.
187
Alcohol & Tylenol
Increased liver toxicity leading to potential liver failure.
188
inhalant drugs & dangers
= Glue & Paint (Golden prefered)
= Hypoxia, Sudden sniffing death, Arrhythmias, Brain damage
189
What is Delirium tremens (DTs)?
Severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
190
Delirium tremens S/S
Tremors
Hallucinations
Agitation
Seizures
Tachycardia
Hypertension
191
dry snake bite?
A defensive bite without venom.
192
Coral snakes identifying marks
2. pitted eyes
1. 'Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on black, friend of Jack.'
193
What is interferon & its job in the body:
= Protein released by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells & inhibit viral replication.
194
Histamine effects )Blood vessels:
Bronchioles:
Systemic vascular resistance:
Blood pressure:
= Vasodilation → redness & swelling.
= Bronchoconstriction → SOB/wheezing.
= Decreased
= Decreased (can cause hypotension)
195
What cell of the immune system is considered the most abundant and makes up approximately ⅔’s of all WBC in the human body:
= Neutrophils.
196
What is interferon & its job in the body:
= Protein released by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring cells & inhibit viral replication.
197
Active Naturally & artificially acquired:
Passive Naturally acquired & artificially acquired:
= Naturally: infection exposure.
= Artificially: vaccines.
= Naturally: antibodies via placenta or breast milk.
= Artificially: injection of immune serum (EX: antivenom).
198
What cells in the body carry & release histamine:
Mast cells & basophils.
199
Hematemesis:
Hemoptysis:
Hematochezia:
Melena:
= Vomiting blood.
= Coughing up blood.
= Bright red blood in stool (lower GI).
= Black, tarry stool (upper GI).
200
What opens to allow food enter stomach from esophagus?
What is the function of the stomach?
w/ food sloshed in stomach where does it exit?
= Lower esophageal sphincter.
= Stores & mixes food w/ acid; starts protein breakdown.
= Pyloric sphincter into duodenum.
201
Aaron’s Sign:
Rovsing’s Sign:
= Epigastric pain w/ palpation to McBurney’s Point) referred pain
= Pain in RLQ with palpation to LLQ refered
201
Cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) is
increasingly common disorder characterized by repeated sudden attacks, called episodes, of severe nausea, vomiting, and physical exhaustion without apparent cause
202
What is the main job of the small intestine?
What is the main function of the large intestine?
= Absorption of nutrients.
= Absorb water & form feces.
203
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of pancreas
Four categories based on cause:
Metabolic #1,
Mechanical,
Vascular,
Infectious
204
A bowel obstruction that is caused when a portion of the small intestine twists around itself is:
Intestinal Volvulus
205
4 dif/ mechanisms that can cause a bowel obstruction:
1. Herniation: outside
2. Adhesion:
3. Volvulus: twist
4. Intussusception: inside
206
The presence of gallstones in a patient's gallbladder is known as:
Cholelithiasis
207
SIR Hernia
(strangulated, incarcerated, reducible (best) )
208
What is considered the most common reason for a patient to present with a lower GI hemorrhage?
Lower Diverticulosis
Upper: Peptic Ulcers
