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Neuromuscular Control > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

Is the grey matter of the brain found on the inside or outside?

A

Outside

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2
Q

Is the white matter of the brain found on the inside or outside?

A

Inside

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3
Q

Grey brain matter is made of…

A

Cell bodies

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4
Q

White brain matter is made of…

A

Myelinated cell axons

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5
Q

Where is the basal nuclei found?

A

The middle of the brain

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6
Q

Along with the basal nuclei, ventricles are also in the middle of the brain. What do they house?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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7
Q

Define sulci in the brain.

A

Sulci are spaces created by folds of the brain

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8
Q

What is the function of brain meninges?

A

They encase the brain stem

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9
Q

Define gyri in the brain.

A

Gyri are the hills of the brain

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10
Q

Name the 6 functions of the meninges.

A
  1. Cover & protect the Central NS
  2. Creates spaces between meninge layers
  3. Protects blood vessels
  4. Encloses venous sinuses that drain CSF
  5. Contains CSF
  6. Forms skull partitions
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11
Q

Name the three types of meninges.

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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12
Q

What are the functions of the first meninge of the brain?

A

Dura mater provides structure and protects the brain

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13
Q

What are the functions of the second meninge of the brain?

A

Arachnoid mater houses the blood vessels and veins

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14
Q

What are the functions of the third meninge layer?

A

Pia mater adheres to the brain, like gyri and sulci

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15
Q

Name the 2 spaces created by the meninges.

A

Subdural & Subarachnoid

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16
Q

What two meninges create the subdural space?

A

Dura and arachnoid

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17
Q

What two meninges create the subarachnoid layer?

A

Subarachnoid and the sheath of pia mater

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18
Q

Name the 5 functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A
  1. Forms cushion that gives brain constant volume
  2. Gives buoyancy to CNS structures
  3. Reduces brain weight by 97% via floating
  4. Protects CNS from trauma
  5. Nourishes brain and carries chemical signals
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19
Q

How many ventricles are there and what are they?

A

The four ventricles are spaces where cerebrospinal fluid builds up

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20
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid created?

A

In the C-shaped First & Second ventricles

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21
Q

Name the important parts and lobes of the brain discussed in lecture.

A

Central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Cerebellum

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22
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located and what two important things are found there?

A

Frontal lobe is found in the anterior division of the central sulcus
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Working Memory

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23
Q

Why is working memory important?

A

Involved with remembering, manipulating, and expressing info, and cognitive control (i.e. the ability to switch between tasks)

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24
Q

What is the parietal lobe involved in?

A

Perception
- “Mind’s eye”
- Imagination
- Balance

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25
What is the occipital lobe involved in?
Visual perception
26
What is the temporal lobe involved in?
Involved in forming/recalling memories, naming, and complex perception (i.e. faces)
27
What is the cerebellum involved in?
involved in movement control and error correction
28
Define hemispatial neglect.
Condition where parietal lobe damage causes inability to attend to things on one side of the body (i.e. dog eating from one side of bowl)
29
What are the important features of hemispatial neglect?
Vision is okay but patient just cannot pay attention to affected side Difficult to diagnose but recognizable by others
30
Define prosopagnosia.
Condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces
31
What are the 3 divisions of the nervous system?
Central Peripheral Autonomic (visceromotor)
32
What is found in each division of the nervous system?
Central - brain & spinal cord Peripheral - sensory neurons and motor neuron axons Autonomic - everything motor-related except skeletal muscle
33
Name the 4 divisions of the central nervous system.
Forebrain (anything above brainstem) Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal Cord
34
What is found in the forebrain?
Cerebral hemispheres Limbic system Thalamus Basal nuclei
35
What is the forebrain involved in?
Higher processes - Working Memory - Attention - Motor planning - Sensory integration (getting environmental signals and forming motor response)
36
What is the limbic system involved in?
Emotional processing
37
What is the function of the thalamus?
Relay center for all sensory info entering brain
38
What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?
Pons Medulla Brainstem
39
What does the medulla do?
Supports breathing & heart rate changes
40
What does the brainstem do?
Holds axons for movements and nuclei vital to motor control
41
What is the cerebellum involved?
Motor coordination Error correction Integrating sensory information with motor system
42
What is the difference between the spinal cord and the brain regarding white and grey matter?
Brain grey matter is outside & white matter is inside Spinal grey matter is inside & white matter is outside
43
What are the two types of horns in the spinal cord?
Ventral Dorsal
44
What is the difference between ventral and dorsal horns?
Sensory neurons enter dorsal horn Motor neurons exit ventral horn
45
# areas of the frontal lobe What parts of the brain are important for specific behaviors?
Primary motor cortex Wernicke's Area Broca's Area
46
How is the PMC important for specific behaviors?
Vital for movement, movement planning, & motor learning
47
How is Wernicke's Area important for specific behaviors?
Involved in understanding speech
48
Describe what happens if there is damage to Wernicke's Area
Difficulty coherently expressing thoughts - "word soup" - Ability to speak but it makes no sense
49
Describe what happens if there is damage to Broca's Area
Stuttering although person is able to have coherent thoughts
50
What is the main difference between damage to Wernicke's & Broca's area?
Wernicke - ability to speak, no coherent thoughts Broca's - inability to speak. has coherent thoughts
51
Name the PCML system's role
Posterior Medial Lemniscal System tells brain about body's position
52
Name the 3 types of sensation the PCML system is responsible for.
Proprioception Discriminative Touch Vibration
53
Describe how the PCML system ascends the spinal cord.
Sensory info enters dorsal horn, travels up through posterior column of spinal cord to end up in brain
54
Do axons travel contralaterally or ipsilaterally in the PCML system?
Ipsilaterally
55
Relate the PCML system to the lower extremities (LEs)
The signal synapses the gracile fasciculus then gracile nucleus, crosses the body, synapses the thalamus, and ends in medial S1
56
Relate the PCML system to the upper extremities (UEs)
The signal synapses the cuneate fasciculus then cuneate nucleus, then crosses the body, synapses the thalamus, and ends in lateral S1
57
# complex path the signal takes Describe the signal travel in the PCML pathway
Signal enters through sensory neuron Signal crosses the body and synapses nuclei Signal turns into medial lemniscus Signal is sent to thalamus and finally ends in somatosensory cortex
58
What is the main difference between PCML signals from the UEs and LEs?
UEs travel laterally LEs travel medially
59
Name the role of the AL system
Anterolateral system is vital in nociception and protecting the body
60
Name the 2 reflexes in the AL system
Spinal Flexor Withdrawal Reflex Spinal Crossed Extensor Reflex
61
What does the spinal flexor withdrawal reflex do?
Body will withdraw from painful stimulus
62
What does the spinal crossed extensor reflex do?
Helps opposing limb support pained limb - eg. if left leg hurts, the right leg will support
63
What is important to remember about the pain reflexes?
Extension of the non-affected limn Flexion of affected limb
64
Name the 4 differences of the AL and PCML systems
1. Sensory functions 2. Crossing levels 3. Innervating nerves 4. Receptive fields
65
Name the sensory functions of the AL and PCML systems
AL - crude touch, thermal sensation, nociception PCML - discriminative touch, kinethesia, propriception
66
Name the crossing levels of the AL and PCML systems
AL - crosses at spinal cord PCML - crosses at medulla
67
Name the innervated nerves of the AL and PCML systems
AL - Type III & IV (smaller, slower, & unmyelinated PCML - 1A & 1B (bigger & myelinated)
68
Name the receptive fields of the AL and PCML systems
AL - larger receptive field PCML - smaller receptive field
69
Name the 5 cutaneous mechanoreceptors
1. Ruffini endings 2. Pacinian corpuscles 3. Hair follicles 4. Meisner's corpuscules 5. Merkel cell
70
What is the role of the cutaneous mechanoreceptors?
Supports ability to receive sensations
71
How are mechanoreceptors divided?
Slow-adapting receptors Rapid-adapting receptors
72
Define slow-adapting receptors
Fire at a higher rate and sustained activation throughout pressure
73
What mechanoreceptors fall under slow-adapting receptors?
Merkel cells Ruffini ending Hair follicles
74
Define rapid-adapting receptors
Fire when pressure occurs and release; quick activation
75
What mechanoreceptors fall under rapid-adapting receptors?
Meisner's corpuscules Pacinian corpuscules Hair follicles
76
Why are dermatomes important to sensation?
Dermatomes detect where pain occurs or where damage occurs in the body
77
Define referred pain
The disconnect between body part that experiences sensation and where **you think** sensation is occurring - Nerve activation is so intense that pain bleeds into adjoining nerves
78
What are the 4 results of damage in the AL system lecture?
1. Sensitization 2. Increase in receptive field 3. Hyperalgesia 4. Allodynia
79
Define hyperalgesia
Pain amplification
80
Define allodynia
Pain from non-harmful stimuli
81
What is central sensitization?
Increased pain response causes signal to bleed into surrounding nerves
82
What is the difference between pain and suffering?
Pain - initial response to painful stimuli Suffering - prolong activation of reticular nucleus; sustained pain
83
Why is pain experienced?
Because of the *thalamus* & somatosensory cortex
84
Name the 4 treatments of pain
1. Thalamic lesioning 2. DBS Stimulation 3. Chronic stimulation with implanted electrodes 4. Drugs
85
What does the autonomic nervous system innervate?
Smooth & cardiac muscles Glands
86
Name the two divisions of the ANS and their functions
Sympathetic - fight or flight Parasympathetic - rest and digest
87
Relate dual innervation to the ANS
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic innervate the same organs but cause different effects
88
What are the differences between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic ganglia?
Parasympathetic ganglia are closer to organ Sympathetic ganglia are closer to spinal cord
89
Name the 4 differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS fibers
1. Origin 2. Fiber length 3. Ganglia location 4. Complexity
90
Describe the fibers in the Parasympathetic NS
Originate from craniosacral region Longer and extend to organ with relay point Ganglia is closer to target organ Simple
91
Describe the fibers in the Sympathetic NS
Originate from thoracilumbar regions Shorter in length Ganglia is closer to spinal cord More complex
92
Name the four parts that control the ANS
Hypothalamus - has final say in activation Brainstem - controls HR, vasoconstriction, effects on GI Spinal cord - controls urination & defecation Limbic system - controls emotion, expression, & influences hypothalamus in emotional expression
93
What is the anatomy of the cerebellum?
Anterior lobe Primary fissure Posterior lobe Horizontal fissure Vermis
94
Name the functions of the cerebellum
Plays a role in balance, coordination, & error correction Associated with vestibular system
95
The cerebellum receives information from what?
Spinal cord, muscles, brain, and brain stem
96
Describe how the cerebellum sends information
It sends out info, relays from the brain stem, and ends in the motor cortex and spinal cord
97
How is the Purkinje cell and deep cerebellar nuclei involved in cerebellar transmission?
Purjinke cell receives action potentials and sends it to the deep cerebellar nuclei When activated, inhibitory signal is sent to deep cerebellar nuclei (which inhibits accidental movement)
98
What are the cerebellar separations?
Intermediate zone Lateral zone Vermis
99
Name the three cerebellar modules
Vestibulocerebellar Spinocerebellar Pontocerebellar
100
Describe the relationship of the vestibulocerebellar module and its function
The vestibulocerebellar module is involved in posture and balance
101
Describe the relationship of the spinocerebellar module and its function
The spinocerebellar module is involved in control of axial muscles and limbs
102
Describe the relationship of the pontocerebellar module and its function
The pontocerebellar module is involved in planning & control of precise dexterous movements of arm and hand, control of agonist/antagonist activation patter, and timing and duration of contraction
103
What are the 2 clinical exams to test for cerebellar damage?
Finger to Nose test Rapid Alternative Movements
104
What are the signs of ataxia?
Difficulty walking and hitting target Increased muscle tone Nystagmus Babinski reflex
105
Name the anatomy of the basal nuclei
Dorsal striatum Substansia Nigra Subthalamic nucleus Globus pallidus
106
Describe the location of the dorsal striatum in relation to the thalamus
**Caudate** is separated into head, body, tail, and wraps around thalamus **Putamen** is lateral to thalamus
107
Describe the location of the globus pallidus
Medial to putamen
108
Name the 5 functions of the basal nuclei
1. Role in cognition & emotion 2. Regulates intensity of movements 3. Inhibits inappropriate actions 4. Habits 5. Skill learning
109
Describe the motor loop process
Motor cortex provides exhibitory input to striatum Striatum provides inhibitory input to globus pallidus Globus pallidus provides inhibitory input to thalamus Thalamus provides excitatory input back to motor cortex
110
Describe the motor loop process during a success
Large influx of dopamine and excitation of striatum - Inhibition of globus and less inhibition of thalamus causes excited cortical area leading to reinforcement Success = higher motor cortex activity = reinforcement
111
Describe the motor loop process during a failure
Dopamine to striatum will drop, which shuts down striatum. This allows globus to inhibit thalamus, leading to less active motor cortex
112
Describe Parkinson's disease
A hypokinetic disease of rapid degeneration of dopamine cells
113
What are the motor symptoms of Parkinson's
Tremors Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability **(TRAP)**
114
What are the cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's
Difficulty learning skills Memory impairment Decision-making problems
115
Describe Huntington's disease
A hyperkinetic disease that is a loss of striatum neurons due to genetic mutation
116
What are the motor symptoms of Huntington's
Choreiform movements Balismus Stumbling Clumsiness **(Crazy Bears Stumble Clumsily)**
117
What are the cognitive symptoms of Huntington's
Memory lapses Difficult concentrating
118
What causes Tourette's
Hyperactivity of dopamine neurons
119
Dopamine is produced and released by which structure?
Substantia nigra
120
What makes up the striatum?
Caudate & Putamen

Neuromuscular Control (3 decks)

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