Exam 2 Flashcards by Josh Gray

CH 12
What are the major layers inside the earth?

Inner Core
Liquid outer coure
Mantle
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere

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CH 12
Tell me about the Inner core

760 Mile radius. The size of the moon.
Solid
Composed mostly of Iron and Nickel
Enormous pressure, (3 mil x greater than on surface of earth).
Pressure keeps it in solid state. Contains gold, platinum, cobalt.
It is th

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CH 12
Liquid outer core?

Liquid made of molten iron and nickel
14k miles thick, same temp as inner core with less pressure makes it a liquid.

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CH 12
How is the earth’s magentic field generated?

Movement of liquid iron and nickel generates eath’s magnetic field.
This magnetic field shields us form most radiation from the sun. Creates an Aurora borealis.
GIves direction to our compas.
The Earth’s magnetic poles move 40 miles/year and do not match up w/ true north and south poles, which can throw off a compass.
This is known as magnetic declination.

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CH 12

If all the gold could be extracted from the inner and outer core of the earth it would be how thick when covering the earth?

it would cover the entire surface of the earth 1.5 ft thick.

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CH 12

Mantle

18k miles thick, solid rock, comprised of upper and lower mantles. Upper mantle is syrupy or soft plastic that flows. It contains the asthenosphere.

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CH 12

Asthenosphere

40-100 mi below earth’s surface. Least rigid of upper mantle due to heat from radioactive decay. Some parts contain molten rock that can make volcanoes.

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CH 12

Lithosphere

ABout 44 mi thick Upper most layer of the earth, made of rock and known as the crust of the earth.
Less dense than ocean crust and floats on it. Made of granitic rocks.
Earth’s crust is made largely of Silicon (25%) and Oxygen (49.5%).

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CH 12

Ocean’s crust

Thin, made from magma, about 5 mi thick. It is made of basalt, dark in color, composed of iron or magnesium. More dense than continental crust. Basalt crust sinks under continental crust, which makes volcanoes.

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CH 12

3 types of rocks

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

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CH 12

Igneous rocks

Name comes from latin word Ignis, meaning fire.
Once a liquid rock known as magma.
They are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma.
Very common in SoCal.

Basalt and Granite are igneous.

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CH 12

How do you tell if a crystal formed quickly or slowly in Igneous rocks?

Slow cooling means larger crystals. Fast cooling means smaller crystals.

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CH 12
Granitic rocks

Light in color, very hard, granular, made of quartz, mica, and feldspar.

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Ch 12

Types of igneous rocks

INtrusive
Extrusive
Plutonic

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CH 12

Which rocks are the primary source of precious metals?

Igneous rocks

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CH 12

Sedimentary rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Evaporites

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CH 12
Clastic sedimentary rocks

Formed through deposition and solidification of sediment.

Made from fragments of rocks.
Sandstone
Breccia - has angular fragments.

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CH 12

CHemical sedimentary rocks

Limestone - layers of fossils or sediment
Halite - salt
Gypsum

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CH 12

evaporites

Borax
Halites
Gypsum

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Ch 12

How to identify Gneiss

Lines and layers of sediment.

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CH 12

Metamorphic Rock Types

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Contact metamorphism
Regional metamorphism

CH 12

COntact metamorphism

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Magma pushes p and heat transforms limestone into marble, sandstone to quartzite within a 1-5 mile area.

CH 12

Regional metamorphism

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Larger area, caused by mountain building, makes gneiss and foliated rocks. Shale, slate, phylite, schist, gneiss.

CH 13
Pangea

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Pangea was as supercontinent composed of all present continents into one massive continent that existed between 300 and 200 million years ago. Evidence:
-Physical: the continents fit together
-Fossils: Unique fossils match up with the continents.
-Rocks: Unique rock units match up when continents are matched up.

CH 13 How many plates in the earth?

7 Major plates that cover 94% of the earth's surface. The two most important ones to us in SoCal are North American and Pacific plates.

CH 13 Be able to identify: -Plate Convergence -Plate Divergence -Transform Plate Margin

Convergence: 2 plates move together and crash. Equal density plates push up. UNequally dense plates stack depending on which is denser.

CH 13 Plate Divergence:

Two plates move away from eachother and create a rip in the ground.

CH 13 Transform Plates

They slide past each other and makes stuff like: -Monoclines which are step-like folds in rock strata. -Anticlines: fold is convex up and has oldest beds at the core. -Synclines: Fold w youngest layers close to center, makes a U shape. -Hogback Ridge: series of hills w/ narrow crest/steep slopes that dip steeply greater than 30 degrees. -Overturned fold * Symetrical U--U--U *Asymetrical U--u--u *Overturned U/ /u / / U

CH 13 Types of Faults

Normal: Hanging wall slides down foot wall Reverse: Hanging wall moves up and foot wall moves down Strike-slip: 2 blocks move horizontally past each other. WIll interrupt a curvy line pattern with a jagged break. There are right lateral and left lateral versions. Overthrust Fault: A reverse fault w/ low dip angle and large slip.

CH 13 What is a fault?

A crack in the earth that has had movement. They can be active or inactive, and are associated w/ plate tectonics. They cause earthquakes when they move.

CH 13 Cinder Cones

Explosive volcanoes cosist of magma fragments that are loosely welded together. They are structurally week. Lava seeps from base of cone, creating long tubes.

CH 13 Composite Volcano

Alternating lava and ash layers. Highly explosive, Crater lake is the deepest lake in the us.

CH 13 Shield volcano

Mostly fluid, low viscosity lava, more water less silica, more gas. Name comes from the low profile.

CH 14 Frost Wedging

Created by repeated frost/thaw cycle. Water can expand 9% when frozen. This destroys roads.

CH 14 Mechanical weathering process - Salt Crystal Growth

Salts build up on surfaces. Water evaporates , salts weaken cement bonding rock together and the rock cracks or gets a hole in it.

CH 14 4 main types of chemical weathering:

Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Carbonation, Acid Rain

CH 14 Mechanical weathering process - Frost heaving

Water gets in the soil and freezes, forcing it upwards.

CH 14 What is Talus

Talus is a pile of rock fragments that accumulate below a cliff due to rock fall

CH 14 Which statement about soil creep is incorrect? A - The slow downslope movements of particles that occurs on every slope covered with loose, weathered material. B - Evidenced by slow but persistent lifting of trees, poles, gravestones, and other objects set into the ground on hillsides. C - The most important process producing creep, aside from direct gravitational influences, is frost heaving. D - Because the movement of Soil Creep is so minuscule, it will not damage roads, underground infrastructure, or building foundations

D is incorrect.

Ch 14 What is the difference between a landslide and Slump Mass Movement?

Slumps are a rotational landslide that has backwards rotation and scarps. A landslide is rocks or soil that slides in a plain and piles up at the bottom.

CH 15 Hygroscopic WATER?

Water that is absorbed by atmosphere/held tightly by sediment so plants can't get it. This occurs when there is very little water in the ground.

CH 15 What is an aquifer?

An underground water source. It is an underground layer of water bearing permeable rock, rock fractures, or unconsolidated materials (gravel/sand/silt). They are underneath permeable soil layers so water trickles through to them easily. There are 2 types: Confined aquifers which have water trapped between 2 layers that act like a pipe. They can create artesian wells. Unconfined aquifers which can receive water directly from the surface.

CH 15 What is the largest aquifer in the US?

High plains aquifer: Ogallala Aquifer

CH 15 Protecting CA's underground aquifers is hugely important because approx. ___ % of CA residents depend on groundwater for some portion of their water supply

85%

CH 15 One of SoCal's biggest environmental concerns regarding over pumping groundwater near the pacific ocean is ___.

that salt water is sucked into the aquifers and fresh water is pushed out into the ocean resulting in salt water being used on crops.

CH 15 Fault Springs

These are formed when faulting creates springs. Groundwater under hygroscopic pressure can move up along such faults.

CH 15 The most common ways to recharge ground water aquifers in SoCal are:

Percolation Ponds Injecting Water into underground aquifers using pumps.

CH 15 Karst Disappearing Streams

Streams that fall into sinkhole caverns.

CH 15 Uvala

A series of smaller sinkholes that form a compound larger sinkhole.

Exam 2 Flashcards

(50 cards)