exam 2

Question 1

What does organizational decision-making involve?

Answer 1

Making choices to achieve objectives.

Question 2

What are the key factors a rational decision-maker considers?

Answer 2

Increasing potential gains, monitoring the decision process, reducing uncertainty, resource expenditure, and risk.

Question 3

What is the Rational (Classical/Economic) Model of decision-making?

Answer 3

Assumes decision-makers know all available alternatives, can predict consequences, rank alternatives, and choose the best-ranked alternative.

Question 4

What key tools are used in the Rational Model?

Answer 4

• Cost-benefit analysis
• Cost-benefit ratios

Question 5

True or False: The Rational Model is always practical.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

What does Incrementalism oppose?

Answer 6

The rational model, focusing on short-term decisions and satisficing.

Question 7

What is a criticism of Incrementalism?

Answer 7

Marginal changes may be insufficient and can promote inertia.

Question 8

What does the Mixed Scanning Model combine?

Answer 8

Rational-comprehensive and incrementalist models.

Question 9

What are the two levels of decision-making in the Mixed Scanning Model?

Answer 9

• Fundamental (big-picture decisions)
• Nonfundamental (routine adjustments)

Question 10

What do decision-makers need for rational choices?

Answer 10

Reliable information.

Question 11

What influences organizational goals?

Answer 11

• Substantive programmatic needs
• Self-interest

Question 12

What are the two types of goals in organizations?

Answer 12

• Symbolic
• Actual

Question 13

What is a Symbolic Goal?

Answer 13

Image-building, public perception, rhetoric.

Question 14

What is an Actual Goal?

Answer 14

Real objectives, decision-making, resource allocation.

Question 15

What are Political Goals influenced by?

Answer 15

• External pressures
• Public opinion
• Regulations

Question 16

What are Organizational Goals focused on?

Answer 16

• Internal priorities
• Operations
• Efficiency

Question 17

Name the five types in Anthony Downs’ Bureaucratic Typology.

Answer 17

• Climbers
• Conservers
• Zealots
• Advocates
• Statesmen

Question 18

Who are the Chief Executives?

Answer 18

U.S. President, Governors, Mayors, Agency Heads.

Question 19

What challenges do Chief Executives face?

Answer 19

• Blamed for failures
• Not permanent
• Navigating bureaucracies and public perception

Question 20

What can oppose a Chief Executive’s authority?

Answer 20

• Legislative and judicial branches
• Bureaucracy
• Competing experts

Question 21

What are the three arenas of leadership for Chief Executives?

Answer 21

• Public Arena
• Legislative Arena
• Administrative Arena

Question 22

What factors shape leadership?

Answer 22

• Legislative support
• Policy initiatives
• Crisis response

Question 23

What is the role of the OMB?

Answer 23

Assists the President at the federal level.

Question 24

What is the purpose of reorganizing the executive branch?

Answer 24

To increase efficiency and effectiveness.

Question 25

What are Herbert Kaufman's recommendations for executive branch reorganization?

Answer 25

* Limit subordinates * Group related functions * Decentralize administration * Protect career public servants

Question 26

What does the Traits Approach to leadership suggest?

Answer 26

Leaders have inherent qualities.

Question 27

What does the Situational Approach to leadership imply?

Answer 27

Leadership depends on circumstances.

Question 28

What are the core functions of Human Resources Administration?

Answer 28

* Recruitment * Training * Promotion

Question 29

What key idea characterized the period from 1789-1829 in government?

Answer 29

Government by Gentlemen (Elitist System)

Question 30

What system was in place during 1829-1883?

Answer 30

Government by Common Person (Spoils System)

Question 31

What significant act was passed in 1883?

Answer 31

Pendleton Act, establishing merit-based hiring.

Question 32

What characterized the period from 1906-1937 in government?

Answer 32

Government by Efficiency (Scientific Management)

Question 33

What was emphasized during the 1955-1995 period in government?

Answer 33

Government by Professionals.

Question 34

What is the difference between Merit and Patronage?

Answer 34

* Merit: Jobs based on qualifications * Patronage: Jobs given to political supporters

Question 35

What are the steps in the unionization process in government?

Answer 35

* Organizing efforts * Selection of bargaining teams * Scope of bargaining * Proposals and negotiations * Ratification votes * Dispute resolution

Question 36

What historical event first impacted long-term budgeting?

Answer 36

The Civil War.

Question 37

What amendment allowed income tax?

Answer 37

16th Amendment (1913).

Question 38

What are the purposes of budgeting?

Answer 38

* Financial intent * Programmatic intent * Control bureaucracy * Reflect power dynamics

Question 39

What are the key phases of the budgeting process?

Answer 39

* Preparation * Authorization * Appropriations * Execution * Audit

Question 40

What is Line-Item Budgeting focused on?

Answer 40

Controlling expenses.

Question 41

What does Performance Budgeting link?

Answer 41

Funding to efficiency.

Question 42

What is Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB)?

Answer 42

Reassesses all expenses annually.

Question 43

What are the tools of Fiscal Policy?

Answer 43

* Taxation * Spending * National Debt Management * Monetary Policy

Question 44

What is a key difference between Mandatory and Discretionary Spending?

Answer 44

Mandatory spending is required by law, while discretionary spending is determined by annual appropriations.

Question 45

What theory is examined in the study of women police officers and sexual assault cases?

Answer 45

Representative bureaucracy.

Question 46

What was the empirical analysis in the study about women police officers focused on?

Answer 46

Data from the 60 largest metropolitan counties in the U.S. from 1990 to 1997.

Question 47

What relationship was found in the study regarding women police officers?

Answer 47

Positive association with reports and arrests in sexual assault cases.

Question 48

What is passive representation?

Answer 48

The extent to which the bureaucracy mirrors the demographic composition of the population.

Question 49

What is active representation?

Answer 49

How representation affects policymaking and implementation.

Question 50

What concept is explored in the study on body-worn cameras and police use of force?

Answer 50

The effects of representation and body-worn cameras on police accountability.

Question 51

What method did the study on body-worn cameras use?

Answer 51

An online conjoint experiment.

Question 52

What did the study find about Caucasian officers who use force?

Answer 52

They are more likely to be investigated.

Question 53

What does symbolic representation suggest?

Answer 53

Representation can symbolize fairness and justice in the bureaucratic system.

Question 54

What role does accountability play in public administration?

Answer 54

It enhances legitimacy and trust in governmental actions.