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Abnormal Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder? (BDD)

A

Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance

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2
Q

Name most to least common physical fixations for BDD

A

skin, hair, nose, eyes, breasts/chest, stomach

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3
Q

lifetime prevalence for BDD

A

around 2%

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4
Q

BDD vs Eating Disorders. BDD…

A

not just about weight/size, eating symptoms not part of BDD

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5
Q

BDD vs Eating disorders. Eating disorders…

A

preoccupation about size/gaining weight. must have eating related symptoms like purging/binging

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6
Q

almost __ of individuals with BDD also have an eating disorder at some point

A

1/3

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7
Q

how does BDD develop? (biological)

A

concerns about defects in physical appearance is moderately inheritable. possible differences in visual processing.

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8
Q

how does BDD develop? (environment/learning)

A

possible reinforcement for appearance more than behavior, criticism/teasing for appearance, childhood trauma.

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9
Q

how does BDD develop? (cognitive)

A

overvaluation of appearance. “If my appearance is defective, then I am worthless”

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10
Q

how does BDD develop? (sociocultural)

A

places value on attractiveness and beauty, social media

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11
Q

treatment of BDD

A

over 75% seek non-psychological/psychiatric treatment. often dermatology and/or plastic surgery

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12
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy for BDD

A

exposure and response prevention. example, enter social situations without engaging in excessive checking or grooming first

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13
Q

What is hoarding disorder?

A

Difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of value

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14
Q

Common hoarded items:

A

newspapers/mags, household supplies, clothing, photos, food

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15
Q

lifetime prevalence of hoarding disorder

A

2-5%

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16
Q

treatment of hoarding disorder

A

notoriously difficult to treat. cbt helpful but most patients remain in “clinical range”

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17
Q

What is a manic episode?

A

distinct period of abnormally expansive or irritable mood, plus increased activity, lasting 1 week or more

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18
Q

Symptoms of a manic episode?

A

inflated self esteem or graniosity, decreased need for sleep, pressured speech, flight of ideas and thoughts racing, easily distracted, increased goal-directed activity/psychomotor agitation, excessive pleasurable but potentially damaging activities. impairment, hospitalization, or psychotic features.

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19
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

at least one manic episode, usually experience one or more major depressive episodes

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20
Q

what is bipolar 2?

A

at least one hypomanic episode. same symptoms but only 4+ days with significant change, not impairment. one or more major depressive episodes

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21
Q

Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder?

A

4.4%

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22
Q

When is a usual onset for bipolar?

A

late adolescence or early adulthood

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23
Q

Impairment of bipolar

A

up to 50% attempt suicide, 65% also have another psychiatric diagnosis like anxiety or substance use disorder

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24
Q

in the US, more than ___ bipolar patients receive no treatment in a given year

A

50%

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25
how does bipolar develop? (biological)
first degree relatives 5-10x more likely to develop. 80-90% heritability. altered activity in striatum (reward processing)
26
what is the link between mood disorders and creativity?
impulsivity and openness to experience
27
how are mood disorders treated?
antidepressants, primarily SSRI's, and bupropion (norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor). 50-60% response rate but still side affects
28
interpersonal therapy
addresses current interpersonal difficulties. helps decrease the cycle of depression
29
what four types of problems does interpersonal therapy assist?
loss of relationship, role dispute, role transition, and deficits in interpersonal skills
30
biological bipolar treatment
medication is first line treatment. lithium, anticonvulsants, atypical antipsychotics
31
NSSI (non-suicidal self injury)
harm without intent to die
32
suicide is the __ leading cause of death in the US overall
11th
33
prevalence of suicidal ideation
13%, and 3% for suicide attempt
34
what is gender dysphoria?
marled incongruence between person's experienced gender and sex assigned at birth
35
6+ months of the following for gender dysphoria:
incongruence between gender and sex characteristics, desire to be rid of sex characteristics, desire for other sex characteristics, desire to be of different gender, desire to be treated as different gender, conviction that one has typical feelings/reactions of different gender
36
lifetime prevalence of gender dysphoria: assigned male at birth
.001%
37
lifetime prevalence of gender dysphoria: assigned female at birth
.003%
38
what is psychosis?
inability to differentiate what is real and what is not real. symptoms can include delusions and hallucinations
39
psychosis can occur in the context of:
severe depression, bipolar disorder, drug use, certain medical conditions (alzheimers), withdrawal from certain drugs, psychotic disorders
40
what is schizophrenia?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, highly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
41
schizophrenia lifetime prevalence
1-2%
42
what are delusions?
fixed beliefs that do not change with conflicting evidence. highly unlikely or impossible
43
4 types of delusions
persecution (most common), grandeur, reference, and being controlled.
44
persecutory delusion
believes they are being followed or prosecuted in some way, like FBI or CIA
45
grandeur delusion
believing you have a special relationship with a famous person, you have special powers and can save the world
46
reference delusion
something going on in the world is directly related to you
47
being controlled delusion
my thoughts and feelings are controlled by the devil or aliens
48
what are hallucinations?
sensory events that occur without an external stimulus
49
the different types of hallucinations (3)
auditory (most common), visual, tactile
50
what is disorganized speech?
loose associations or derailment, neologisms, clangs, word salad
51
what is disorganized/catatonic behavior?
inappropriate emotional behavior, disorganized behavior, abnormal movement
52
negative symptoms
behavioral deficits/loss of certain qualities, restricted affect, avolition, asociality
53
avolition
inability to initiate and persist in routine activities
54
asociality
lack of interest in social relationships
55
what are four positive symptoms of schizo?
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, highly disorganized or catatonic behavior
56
what are some examples of negative symptoms?
restricted affect, avolition, asociality
57
order of course of symptom presentation (schizo)
prodromal, acute, residual
58
prodromal
milder symptoms present before acute disorder
59
acute
significant symptoms, marked impairment in functioning. in psychotic episode here but doesnt last forever
60
residual
milder symptoms after an acute episode
61
explain the genain quadruplets. who was the least impaired vs most?
all 4 sisters developed schizo by mid 20s, differing severities, nora iris mya hester. 2 birth complications, nora and hester, abuse from father more significant on iris and hester. myra least impaired, hester most
62
damage to the developing brain and schizo relation
damage can cause schizo, birth complications (oxygen deprivation), prenatal viral exposure during second trimester, drug use
63
reduced gray matter in cortex and schizo
schizo has reduced gray matter
64
schizo: revised dopamine theory
excess dopamine in mesolimbic brain regions (hypothalamus, amygdala) to cause hallucinations and delusions. negative symptoms: deficits in dopamine in prefrontal regions --> negative symptoms
65
what's the link between schizo and social economic standing (ses)
low ses means trauma exposure, greater likelihood of prenatal viral exposure, chronic stress
66
females with schizo tend to...
have less severe symptoms than men, hospitalized less often, better social adjustment, fewer cognitive deficits
67
difference between men and women with schizo
later onset in females (late 20s early 30s) than men (late teens early 20s)
68
_____ of people with prodromal symptoms progress to schizophrenia
20-40%
69
prognosis of schizophrenia
often significant impairment, high rates of hospitalization, up to 40% prevalence of suicide attempts, shorter life expectancy
70
meds for schizo treatment
first gen antipsychotics: block receptors for dopamine, treat positive symptoms, serious side effects atypical antipsychotics: affect dopamine and serotonin, treat posi most but also neg to a degree, better side effect profile
71
therapy options for schizo
individual and/or group therapy, family therapy, assertive community treatment
72
what is personality?
individual's beliefs, traits, actions. enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, thinking about (the world, self, across contexts)
73
OCEAN (big 5 personality dimensions)
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
74
what is a personality disorder?
an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from one's culture
75
personality disorder manifested 2+ of the following:
cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
76
affectivity
extreme emotions at a higher frequency or very low frequency
77
interpersonal functioning
ability to engage with others and develop relationships
78
what is obsessive compulsive personality disorder?
pervasive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control
79
symptoms for OCPD
preoccupied wit details, rules, lists, order etc. perfectionism interferes with task completion. Excessively devoted to work/productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities. overconscientious and inflexible about morals/ethics. unable to discard worthless object. reluctant to delegate. miserly spending style. rigidity and stubbornness
80
lifetime prevalence of OCPD
8%, most common PD
81
development of OCPD
genetic predisposition for negative emotionality. history of physical neglect a risk factor. rigid beliefs.
82
treatment for OCPD
no "gold standard" treatment. therapy to help increase flexibility around maladaptive beliefs

Abnormal Psych (3 decks)

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