exam 2 Flashcards
(96 cards)
Who was Heraclitus? Where was he from, and how have his writings made it down to us?
Heraclitus was a Greek philosopher from Ephesus in the 5th and 6th centuries BCE. His writings have only survived in fragments and in what other authors preserve.
How did Heraclitus define the logos
Logos is the source of all things in the universe that brings things into being.
Is the logos of Heraclitus eternal? Does it bring things to pass? Does it bring things into being?
There was something eternal which brought things into being an through which all things came to pass
Who was Xenocrates and his relationship to Plato? How did he change the perception of the daimon?
Xenocrates was Pluto’s student. Plato viewed the daimon as a guardian angel to individuals or cities, a companion or divine element of a person. Xenocrates creates a system by assigning human traits to them, so some become good and some become bad.
When did daimons start to become evil in their portrayal and why?
when Xenocrates created the system of demons
How was Socrates’ daimon described?
As a divine sign or voice that gives warnings, tries to prevent mistakes but isn’t a guide.
How did the term satan originally begin? Did it refer to a role or a proper name of an angel in the earliest Hebrew Bible texts?
First early source is Num. 22:22-35. Term begins by referring to a role. Hebrew Bible did not have a specific word equivalent in meaning.
In the Book of Job, is the satan an independent agent of evil that can act without God’s permission?
No, acts as an adversary of God
What is the importance of the 1 Chronicles 21:1 text and the debate surrounding the use of “Satan” in it?
Satan stood up against Israel and incited David to count the people of Israel.
How does the role of the satan shift in Second Temple Judaism shift? What is one key development at this time? How does the Book of the Watchers attest to this development?
After the Exiles, the was not used before Satan, indicating that it is a proper name and a separate individual rather than an emissary of God. Mastema and the group of fallen angles rise. Describes the Watchers as a group of select, divine angels placed in charge of watching over humanity. However, their lust for human women leads to their fall.
How did Roman religion differ from Greek religion?
Roman gods were viewed as more functional while Greek gods as human-like figures.
Why did the Romans view religion with such a civically minded focus?
Because performance was more important than understanding.
How did the Romans first come to gain influence in Judea as a client-state?
When Pompey intervened in the Hasmonean civil war, he captured Jerusalem and installed John Hyrcanus as the High Priest.
Who was Pompey, John Hyrcanus II, and Aristobulus II, and each of their roles in the end of Jewish (Hasmonean) independence
- Pompey was a Roman general who intervened in the civil war between the Hasmonean brothers, Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II.
- Hyrcanus II was high priest in Judea from 76 to 40 BCE and sought Roman intervention, eventually was stripped of his royal title by Pompey.
- Aristobulus II, who succeeded his mother on the throne. He attempted to regain power but became a Roman prisoner and died.
Why did Hyrcanus II seek out Roman aid
He was vying for control against his brother after their father died
What did Pompey do on the Sabbath in Jerusalem
Kills hundreds even though they did not resist intervention. He enters the Holy of Holies but doesn’t raid it.
How did the Jewish religion differ from Greco-Roman religion?
Judaism is monotheistic, focused worship on reading and studying of their scripture, continued purity and dietary restrictions, insisted could not be expressed in image and was invisible, and avoided civic festivals of roman deities.
How did the Romans seek to keep peace with the Jews and try to avoid revolts in and around Judea?
- Romans and Jews avoided rebellions because they would cost money and be disruptive. Let the region be under the control of a Jewish governor loyal to the Empire.
- Rome also let Jews observe the Sabbath, run their internal courts, pay tax to the upkeep of the Temple, avoid military service, and ask for exemptions from participating in Roman festivals and sacrifices.
When did Judea become a full Roman province?
6 AD
What was the difference between Judea as a client-state of Rome and it being a full Roman province in terms of its leadership?
The client king was the native dynasties approved by Rome. Used before 6 AD.
Prefects – Roman governors that had direct authority to exercise Roman control over an area.
Who was a very famous client-king that we discussed at the time of Jesus’ birth?
Herod the Great/Herod I
Was Pilate a client-king or a prefect?
Pilate was a prefect
What is the Synoptic Problem? Which Gospels are the Synoptic Gospels?
The Synoptic Problem is the question of the relationship between the three synoptic gospels, explaining the literacy relationship.
- Matthew, Mark, and Luke
What is the Two Source Theory and its connection to the “Q”, “M”, and “L” sources?
Two-Source Theory – Matthew and Luke use Mark. Mark is the first source that explains the similarity between the Synoptics. Matthew and Luke also share material not found in Mark: Quelle.
- M: Matthew’s unique source, 3 wise men and parable of sheep and goats.
- L: Luke’s unique source, parables of the prodigal son and good Samaritan
