Exam 2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Fibrous Joints
Immovable (AXIEL) eg. Suiters between plates of the brain - v. fine
No joint cavity is present
Another name is Symarthrosees = immovable
No joint cavity
What is a joint?
Site where 2 or more bones meet
Functions of a joint
- Skeletal Mobility (how much a bone can move)
- Hold the skeleton together
Cartilaginous Joints
Slight Movements - Amphiathoroses
United by cartilage
eg. Between sterum and collarbone
Lack of joint cavity
Synovial Joints
Freely Moving - Diathroses
(Apendicular region of the skeletal structure)
Bones separated by Synomvial Fluid (oil) containing joint cavity - can have inflammation here
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Ligements
Hold/ Locking bones together and in place with connective tissue.
Ligaments surround joints and bind them together
Main Synovial Joints (5)
Glenohumeral Joint - Shoulder - Ball and socket
TMJ - Hinge Joint - open and close the mouth
Elbow Joint - Radius and Ulna - Hinge Joint
Coaxl Joint - Hip - Ball and Socket
Knee Joint - Largest and most complex - Hinge
Synovial Joints - Movements of the body
Flexion - Angle smaller
Extension - Angle larger
Abduction - Away from the midline
Adduction - Towards the midline
Rotation - lateral, medial
Pronation + Supination - hands
Dorselflection and planterflection - feet
Inversion and evasion- feet
Protraction and retraction - Jaw
Evvation and depression - Jaw
Opposition - fingers
Joint Injuries
Cartilage Tear - interferes with joint function
Sprain - ligaments are stretched or torn (graded - level of repair)
Dislocation - bones forced out of alignment
Bursitis - inflammation of the bursea (sac around the joint)
Tendenitis - inflammation of the tendon sheath
Artritis - collective word for 100 diff types of infl. of degenerative diseases
What is a muscle?
Make up nearly half the body mass. Use ATP to make mechanical energy. Generate movement in the body. Muscles attach to bones by tendons. Muscles can only pull not push therefore movement in dif directions require opposing pairs of muscles.
Unqiue: the ability to transform chemic energy into mechanical energy
Key Muscles in the body (3)
Skeletal - voluntary movement - straited (sectioned)
Cardiac - in the heart - involuntary - straited
Smooth - Walls of hollow organs - involuntary movement - food moving throughout the body, breathing - lung movement -
Functions of Muscle (4)
Produce movement
Maintain posture / position
Stabilise joints
Generate heat
Microanatomy of the muscle
Long cylindrical cells called muscle fibres - these cause contractions. Motor neurons from the brain carry signals to tell which muscle to contract
Force of the contraction
- size of the muscle fiber
- Number of MF
- Frequency of stimulation
- length of sycomere
- velocity of muscle shortening
Definition of Muscle Contraction
Activation of myosin cross-bridges
What is cartilage?
Tough and flexible. It is a supporting tissue that resists pushing and pulling.
What is a bone?
7 key functions:
Support
protection
anchorage
mineral storage
blood cell formation
fat storage
hormone protection
Types of Bones
Compact bone (tight circles) - outer layer - smooth and solid
Spongy bone (spider web) - red and yellow bone marrow
Microscopic Anatomy
5 main cell types in bone tissue:
Osteoprogenitor - Stem Cell
Osteoblasts - Aid in bone growth
Osteocytes
bone lining cells
Osteoclasts (absorb old bone)
Bone growth - Appositional (growth on the outside) growth only
Bone Fracture
To heal the bone must be realigned then immobalised to allow the healing process to occur.
1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. Bone callus forms
4, Bone remodeling occurs
