Exam 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Macrophages
Formed in bone marrow and lymph tissues
Innate and adaptive immunity functions
Neutrophils (Phagocytosis)
Phagocytes of early infection
Found in bone marrow, blood, tissues
Innate immune response
High Levels = Leukocytosis
Basophils
Release histamine and heparin
Found in circulation
Innate immune response
High Levels = Allergic Reaction
Eosinophils
Phagocytes for allergens and parasites
Found in tissue
Innate immune response
High Levels = Allergic Reaction
Monocytes
Present pathogens to T cells for recognition and destruction
Found in circulation
Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells when they migrate to tissue
Innate and adaptive immune response
High Levels = TB or bacterial
Macrophages
Phagocytes and initiators of the inflammatory response that digest and destroy microorganisms and other debris
Present processed antigens to helper T cells
Secrete signaling proteins to activate helper T cells and inflammation
Found in tissue
Innate and adaptive immune response
Dendritic Cells
Present processed antigens to other immune cells
Aid in B and T cell recognition and response
Found in tissue
Lymphocytes
Coordinates adaptive immune responses
Formed in bone marrow
Found in lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus
B Cells
Adaptive/humoral immune response
responsible for antibody mediated response: on activation, convert to plasma cells and produce antibodies
Formed and mature in bone marrow
T Cells
Adaptive/cellular mediated response
Formed in bone marrow and mature in thymus
Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8 Cells)
Bind to and destroy invading viruses and cancer cells
Helper T Cells (CD4 Cells)
Secrete signaling proteins (cytokines) to activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells
Facilitate phagocytosis by activating macrophages
Humoral and cellular immune response
Suppressor T cells
Regulates immune response, preventer overactivity and autoimmune disease
Natural Killer Cells
Targets and kills cancer and virus infected cells
Mast Cells
Release histamine and heparin when stimulated
Found in skin, resp, and GI tract
Innate immune response
Cytokines
Small proteins that regulate immune responses. Produce response to specific antigens from the acquired immune response
Interleukins, Interferon, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Interferon
Proteins that protect against viral infections and tumor growth
Interleukins
Responsible for general enhancement/suppression of inflammation and the stimulation of leukocyte production and maturation
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Produced primarily by macrophages, enhances inflammation
Involved in regulation and production of immune cells
Innate Immune Reponse
Natural
Immediate nonspecific response, without memory
First Line: physical, biochemical, mechanical
- Ex. skin, mucosa, tears, saliva, gut and vaginal pH
Second Line: Inflammatory response, prevents and limits infection, initiates tissue healing
- Vasodilation: increased capillary permeability
Adaptive Immune Reponse
Acquired
Third Line: natural exposure, maternal antibodies, vaccinations
Cellular: mediated by T lymphocytes, direct destruction of foreign/abnormal cells
Humoral: mediated by B lymphocytes, agglutination, opsonization
Naturally acquired: active (infection), passive (maternal antibodies)
Artificially acquired: active (vaccines), passive (immune serum)
Cell Mediated Response
Adaptive Immunity
Direct destruction of foreign/abnormal cells
Mediated by T lymphocytes
Humoral Mediated Response
Adaptive Immunity
Agglutination: facilitates phagocytosis and enables the body to clear itself of the invading organism
Opsonization: antigen-antibody binding is coated with pasty substance, facilitates phagocytosis and assists in the clearing of the invading organism
Mediated by B lymphocytes
Assessment of the Immune System: History
Age
Current medications
Family & social history
Nutritional status
Infection history
Immunizations
Chronic illnesses
Autoimmune disorders
Cancer
