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BIO 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Cancer begins when…

A

When a cell divides although it should not

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1
Q

Process through which a cell copies itself

A

Cell Division

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2
Q

Unregulated cell division leads to…

A

a tumor, or a mass of cells with no apparent function in the body

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3
Q

Tumors that do not affect surrounding structures

A

Benign tumors

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4
Q

Tumors that invade surrounding structures and are cancerous. Can break away and start new cancers elsewhere throughout the process of metastasis

A

Malignant tumors

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5
Q

Asexual reproduction:

A

The process by which a cell divides by coping its DNA and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the original parent cell

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6
Q

DNA contains instructions for…

A

building the proteins that cells require

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7
Q

DNA is organized into structures called

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

The number of chromosomes in each human cell

A

46

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9
Q

When each chromosome is copied, the copy is called

A

a sister chromatid

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10
Q

The “handrails” of DNA are made of:

A

Sugar and phsphates

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11
Q

Part of the cell cycle; makes new cells that are exactly the same as the original cells; separates the sister chromatids so that each new cell has a complete set of chromosmes

A

Mitosis

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12
Q

Three steps in the cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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13
Q

During interphase…

A

DNA is copied

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14
Q

During Mitosis

A

DNA separates into two daughter cells

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15
Q

During Cytokinesis….

A

The cytoplasm divides, creating two cells

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16
Q

Most of a cell’s life is spent in….

A

interphase

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17
Q

What are the three phases of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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18
Q

First gap or growth phase; Organelles duplicated; cell gets larger

A

G1 phase

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19
Q

Synthesis phase; DNA is copied in this phase; Chromosomes are replicated; Get sister chromatids connected by centromeres

A

S phase

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20
Q

Second gap phase; Synthesis of proteins necessary for mitosis

A

G2 Phase

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21
Q

During which two phases of interphase does the cell grow in preparation for cell division

A

G1 and G2

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22
Q

What are the four steps of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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23
Q

Benign

A

Tumor that stays in one place and does not affect surrounding tissues

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24
Metastasis
When cells from a tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations
25
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels (to a tumor)
26
Sister Chromatids
Either of the two duplicated, identical copies of a chromosome formed after DNA synthesis.
27
Homologous Pair
Set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position. Homologous pairs of chromosomes carry the same genes in the same locations but bay carry different alleles.
28
Crossing Over
Gene for gene exchange of genetic information between members of a homologous pair of chromosomes.
29
Independent Assortment
The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis
30
Monozygotic twins
Identical twins that developed from one zygote
31
Co-Dominance
???
32
Polygenic trait
A trait influenced by many genes
33
Dominant traits
Applies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote
34
Recessive Traits
Applies to an allele with an effect that is not visible in a hterozygote
35
Pleiotropy
The ability of one gene to affect many different functions
36
Non Disjunction
The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separte from each other during meiosis.
37
Restriction Enzymes
An enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
38
Transcription
Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence
39
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A laboratory technique that allows the production of many identical DNA molecules
40
C3 Plants
Plant that uses the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis to incorporate carbon dioxide into a 3-carbon compound
41
C4 Plants
Plant that performs reactions incorporating carbon dioxide into a 4--carbon compound that ultimately provides carbon dioxide for the Calvin cycle
42
CAM Plant
Plant that uses Crassulacean acid metabolism, a variant of photosynthesis during which carbon dioxide is stored in sugars at night (when stomata are open) and released during the day (when stomata are closed) to prevent water loss
43
Cancer
A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls
44
Lymphatic system
A system of vessels and nodes that return fluid and protein to the blood. Used by cancer cells to spread throughout the body
45
Proto-oncogenes
Genes that encode proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Mutated proto-oncogenes (oncogenes) can lead to cancer
46
Onco-gene
Mutant version of a cell cycle controlling proto-oncogene
47
Tumor suppressors
Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division. When mutated leads to increased likelihood of cancer.
48
Contact inhibition
Property of cells that prevents them from invading surrounding tissues. Cancer cells may lose this property
49
Anchorage Dependence
Phenomenon that holds normal cells in place. Cancer cells can lose anchorage dependence and migrate into other tissues or metastasize
50
Biopsy
Surgical removal of some cells, tissue, or fluid to determine if cells are cancerous
51
Chemotherapy
Using chemicals to try to kill rapidly dividing (cancerous) cells
52
Radiation therapy
Focusing beams of reactive particles at a tumor to kill the dividing cells
53
Autosomes
Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 22 pairs in humans
54
Sex chromosomes
Any of the sex-determining chromosomes (X and Y in humans)
55
Karyotype
The chromosomes of a cell, displayed with chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and according to size
56
Diploid cell
A cell containing homologous pairs of chormosomes
57
Haploid
Describes cells containing only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes; in humans, these cells are eggs and sperm
58
Rh Factor
Surface molecule found on some red blood cells.
59
nondisjunction
The failure of members of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separate from each other during meiosis
60
X inactivation
The inactivation of one of two chromosomes in the XX female
61
Pedigree
Family tree that follows the inheritance of a genetic trait for many generations
62
DNA fingerprinting
Powerful genetic identification technique that takes advantage of differences in DNA sequences between all people other than identical twins
63
Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
A DNA sequence that varies in number between individuals. Used during the process of DNA fingerprinting
64
Gene
Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic triats. Consists of a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide - a protein or part of a protein
65
Chromosome
Sub-cellular structure composed of a long single molecule of DNA and associated proteins, housed inside the nucleus
66
Mutation
Change to a DNA sequence that may result in the production of altered proteins
67
Alleles
Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations
68
Segregation
Separation of pairs of alleles during the production of gametes/ Results in a 50% probability that a given gamete contains one allele rather than the other
69
Independent assortment
The separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes into gametes independently of one another during meiosis
70
Immortal
Property of cancer cells that allows them to divide more times than normal cells
71
Random Fertilization
The unpredictability of exactly which gametes willl fuse dirng the process of sexual reproduction
72
Dizygotic Twins
Fraternal twins (non-identical) that develop when two different sperm fertilize two different egg cells.
73
Genotype
Genetic composition of an individual
74
Phenotype
Physical and physiological traits of an individual
75
Heterozygous
Genotype containing two different alleles of a gene
76
Homozygous
Having two copies of the same allele of a gene
77
Incomplete Dominance
A type of inheritance where the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate to both homozygotes
78
Punnett Square
Table that lists the different kinds of sperm or eggs parents can produce relative to the gene or genes in question and predicts the possible outcomes of a cross between these parents.
79
Dihybrid Cross
A genetic cross involving the alleles of two different genes. For example AaBb x AaBb
80
Quantitative trait
Trait that produces phenotypes in distinct categories
81
Polygenic Trait
A trait influenced by many genes
82
Heritability
The amount of variation for a trait in a population that can be explained by differences in genes among individuals

BIO 100 (1 decks)

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