Exam 2

Question 1

corneal structure

Answer 1

epithelium
bowman's membrane
stroma
descemet's membrane
endothelium

Question 2

antioxidants

Answer 2

sodium bisulfate
sodium metabisulfate
thiourea

Question 3

viscosity enhancer

Answer 3

hydroxyethylcellulose
methylcellulose
polyvinyl alcohol

Question 4

common preservative agents

Answer 4

benzalkonium chloride
phenylmercuric acetate
thimersol
parabens

Question 5

pH and buffering agents

Answer 5

boric acid

phosphate buffer

Question 6

define semi-solid dosage form according to the USP

Answer 6

attribute of a material characterized by a reduced ability to flow or conform to its container at room temperature

Question 7

amount of semi-solid dosage form

Answer 7

makes up 8-10% of market dosage forms

Question 8

API permeation based on

Answer 8

base used
conditions of the skin
amount of pressure applied
rubbing
SA covered
occlusive dressing used
particle size
particle distribution

Question 9

soft sticks

Answer 9

used for medications
will soften and melt at body temp
leaves a clear residue
transdermal delivery

Question 10

opaque soft sticks bases

Answer 10

petrolatum, cocoa butter, PEG

Question 11

clear soft stick bases

Answer 11

glycerin, sodium sterate, propylene glycol

Question 12

hard sticks

Answer 12

contain fused cystalline powders
must be wetted prior to application
can leave a white residue
may have increased stability for some drugs

Question 13

drug delivery routes

Answer 13

conventional drug therapy targets the systemic circulation, not the specific location of the disease

Question 14

goals of targeted drug delivery

Answer 14

goal is to increase drug concentration in selective parts of the body

Question 15

advantages of smart drug delivery

Answer 15

prolongs and localizes therapeutic effect on diseased tissue
min adverse effects
reduces the frequency and dose of medication
reduces concentration fluctuation in target organs

Question 16

disadvantages of smart drug delivery

Answer 16

effective smart delivery not technically feasible
high cost of development
possibly less dose flexibility

Question 17

localization: phagocytosis

Answer 17

using the characteristics of the drug to cause uptake by phagocytic cells

Question 18

active transport: localization

Answer 18

ligands that utilize a specific cellular transport mechanism

Question 19

localization: antibody antigen recognition

Answer 19

antibodies binding to a specific antigenic site

Question 20

magnetic targeting

Answer 20

drug entrapped on paramagnetic materials and applied with the help of external magnetic field

Question 21

active targeting: delivery systems

Answer 21

drug-ligand

drug-delivery system-ligand

Question 22

drug loading: active targeting

Answer 22

physical entrapment

chemical attachment

Question 23

most frequently used vector molecules for active targeting

Answer 23

monoclonal antibodies against characteristic components of target organs or tissues

Question 24

physiochemical factors

Answer 24

drugs are mainly weak acids or bases

drug ionization changes with change in GIT pH

Question 25

DepoFoam

Answer 25

oral controlled release tablet consists of microscopic spherical particles numerous chambers encapsulating the drug

Question 26

strategies to reduce risk

Answer 26

keep meds in original containers store products seperately in pharmacy confirm with pt emphasize OTIC/OPHTHALMIC or EAR and EYE by bold letters or increased font

Question 27

emulsion types

Answer 27

acacia (internal or external use) nascent soap emulsions (lime water emulsion, external use only) non-ionic surfactant emulsions (span/Tween emulsion, internal or external use)

Question 28

semi-solid quality control

Answer 28

``` weight visual appearance specific gravity/viscosity phase separation particle size distribution/texture pH melting point high-performance liquid chromatography gas chromatography ```

Question 29

semi-solid storage consultation points

Answer 29

maintain consistant temp protect from moisture avoid freezing prevent melting of semisolid preparation

Question 30

NDDS features

Answer 30

drug release control (fast, sustained) absorption/release site (stomach, colon, small intestine) bypass liver (alternate route) drug targeting (passive, active) stimuli-responsive (pH, temp, pathologic conditions)

Question 31

problems currently associated with drug administration

Answer 31

distribution of drugs throughout body lack of drug specific affinity toward a disease site large dose of drug to achieve therapeutic concentration non-specific toxicity side-effects due to high dose drugs

Question 32

examples of things used for active targeting

Answer 32

lectins, other proteins, lipoproteins, hormones, charged molecules, saccharides, folate, transferrin, antibodies and their fragments

Question 33

in-vivo absorption of the drug depends mainly on

Answer 33

65% of human body is made up of water--> drug must have a certain hydrophilicity of polarity to be water soluble....at the same time these drugs must exhibit a certain lipophilicity or apolarity to be able to cross lipophilic cell membranes

Question 34

How to get clarity

Answer 34

Filtration and ploysorbate 1% concentration

Question 35

Ideal ph of ophthalmic producs

Answer 35

6.5-8.5

Question 36

supp vaginal route advantages

Answer 36

less drug degradation drug retrieval implantable

Question 37

supp route desired effects

Answer 37

LOCAL- antibiotics, restoring pH balance | SYSTEMIC- hormone replacement therapy, pregnancy maintenance, contraception

Question 38

considerations when selecting a supp base

Answer 38

must be able to release w/in 6 hours dependent on liquification time of supp base adding a dispersing agent, a surfactant, or an emulsfying agent may increase rate of drug release

Question 39

oil soluble bases

Answer 39

melt quickly at body tem 3-7 min increased rate of release

Question 40

PEG bases

Answer 40

must first dissolve in mucosal cavity 30-50 min decreased rate of release

Question 41

glycerinated gelatin suppository

Answer 41

20-40 min

Question 42

supp slow release

Answer 42

oil-soluble drug: oily base

Question 43

supp rapid release

Answer 43

water-soluble drug: oily base

Question 44

moderate release

Answer 44

oil soluble and water-miscible drug: water-miscible base

Question 45

patient consultation suppositories

Answer 45

- be sensitive to patient anxiety and embarrassment - ask about pre-existing anal conditions - show suppository - explain insertion technique - discuss retention of the dosage form