Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CVP > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Reynolds number indicate

A

Probability of turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The higher the Reynolds number, the higher the…

A

probability of turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If R (reynolds #) is < 2000 = ….

A

Laminar Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If R (reynolds #) is > 3000 = ….

A

Turbulent flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of Capillaries

A

Allow diffusion of interstitial fluid with blood-exchange of hormones, electrolytes, nutrients, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are arterioles? Function?

A

Small ends of arteries- can contract or dilate controlling blood flow to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

True or false; ultrasound can be used to determine blood flow

A

true (doppler frequency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Using doppler frequency to determine blood flow; what would a broad frequency indicate? What about a narrow one?

A 
Broad = Turbulent flow
Narrow = Laminar flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false; the Fick test is a test of cardiac output

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false; an indicator dilution is a test of cardiac output

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is distensibility

A

Ability of a vessel to stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does compliance differ from distensibility

A

Compliance is ability for a vessel to stretch AND hold volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In arteries; a small change in volume has what effect on pressure

A

Large change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In veins; large change in volume has what effect on pressure

A

small change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false; arteries are 24x more compliant than veins

A

false; Veins are 24x more compliant than Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True or false; control in blood flow changes via metabolic demand

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What controls short term change in blood flow to an area

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters vasoconstrict or vasodilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What controls long term change in blood flow to an area

A

Change in vascularity via Angiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A

Forming of new blood vessels via old ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false; growth factors and angiogenin are associated with angiogenesis

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Systemic arteries are designed to do what?

A

Carry blood under high pressure out to tissue beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters act as what?

A

Control valves to regulate local blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What collects blood from capillaries

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What returns blood to heart/has dynamic storage capacity

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or false; cardiac output is controlled by local tissue flow

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is arterial pressure independent of local blood flow and cardiac output?

A

Yes, it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 4 parts of any blood vessel

A

Endothelium
Elastic tissue
Smooth muscle
Fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A typical artery is mostly composed of what?

A

Smooth muscle (followed by elastic and then fibrous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Capillaries are composed solely of what?

A

Endothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The aorta is mostly composed of what?

A

Elastic tissue (followed by fibrous and then smooth muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or false; veins are composed equally of elastic tissue, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or false; at any given flow, velocity is inversely proportional to the total cross sectional area

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is flow directly proportional to? What is it inversely proportional to

A

Proportional to change in Pressure

Inversely to Resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the driving force of blood flow

A

Pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

True or false; pressure gradient is proportional to flow

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

True or false; systemic circulation is predominately a parallel circuit

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Independence of local flow control
Minimize total peripheral resistance (TPR)
and Oxygen rich blood supply to every tissue are all advantages to what?

A

A parallel circuit blood blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or false; water is the standard of viscosity (1)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or false; blood is more viscous than plasma

A

true (blood = 3 and plasma = 1.5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

True or false; velocity decreases when viscosity increases

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What increases flexibility to RBCs

A

fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Fibrinogen does what?

A

Increases flexibility of RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the normal range of Hemocrit

A

38-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What clinical consideration is associated with Hemocrit below 38%

A

Anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What kind of blood flow is streamline, silent, most efficient, and normal

A

laminar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What kind of blood flow is cross mixing, has vibrational noise, not efficient

A

Turbulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Fick principal and Indicator dilutions (dye) are measurements of?

A

Cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter, vascular flow cufs, and Venous occlusion plesthymography are all measurements of what?

A

Vessel flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

True or false; veins are 8x more distensible

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or false; arterioles are richly innervated by SNS vasoconstrictor fibers (alpha receptors)

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the locate vasodilator theory

A

active tissues release local vasodilators which relax smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Adenosine, CO2, histamine, K+, H+, NO and CO are all examples of what in regards to circulation

A

vasodilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

True or false; most tissues show some degree of auto regulation of blood flow

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Long changes in blood flow promote changes in tissue vascularity. When there is increased blood flow to an area for extended periods of time what does endothelium up-regulate?

A

expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)

This along with adhesion molecules and growth factors cause angiogensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are the 3 types of neovascularization

A

Vasculogenesis (Mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells)
Angiogenesis (Formation of new blood vessels by sprouting from existing small vessels)
Arteriogenesis (rapid proliferation of pre-existing collateral vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is vasculogenesis

A

Mesenchymal cell differentiate into endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is arteriogenesis? How does it differ from Angiogenesis

A

Rapid proliferation of preexisting collateral vessels

Arteriogenesis is more rapid and from collateral vessels instead of sprouting from small vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the 3 angiogenic triggers?

A

Mechanical (hemodynamic, shear stress)
Chemical (hypoxia, nitric oxide)
Molecular (Inflammation, decrease in glucose, or angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, PLGF, Angiopoietin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

True or false; angiogenesis can be used therapeutically

A

true, through protein therapy, gene therapy, or cellular therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

True or false; healthy endothelium (which is in all blood vessels) can release prostacyclin (PGI2), NO, and endothelin

A

true

Prostacyclin inhibits platelet aggregation
NO is a vasodilator
Endothelin constricts smooth muscle when endothelium is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the functional unit of circulation

A

capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

True of false; diffusion, ultrafiltration, and vesicular transport are all mechanisms of exchange in capillaries

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

True or false; functional flow is also called nutritive flow

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is functional or nutritive flow associated with

A

increased oxygen uptake/utilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Non-fucntional or non-nutritive flow is called such because..

A

no O2 uptake is exchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which kind of capillary exchange is associated with starling forces (hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure)

A

ultrafiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure gradient (high to low) favor? What about Colloid osmotic pressure (low to high)?

A

Hydrostatic - favors filtration

Colloid - favors reabsorbtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the function of the protein concentration?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure (Albumin 75%, Globulins 25%, fibrinogen <1%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is associated with the Donnan Effect?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the Donnan effect

A

Describes the discrepancy between what colloid osmotic pressure should be and what is read. Has to do with plasma proteins attracting + ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

True or false; capillary walls are all alike from each other

A

false; they are very different (tight junctions in BBB, discontinuous in liver, fenestrations in kidneys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the reflection coefficient? What would RC of 0 mean? What about RC of 1?

A

Reflection coefficient expresses how readily protein can cross capillary walls

RC=0 means all colloid proteins an freely cross walls (no colloid effect)
RC=1 no colloid proteins can cross walls (full colloid effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What drains excess fluid from interstitial spaces

A

Lymph capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

True or false; no lymphatic vessels are found in superficial portions of skin, CNS, endomysium of muscle or bones

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain? What about right duct?

A

Right duct- right side of head, right arm, right neck and part of chest
Thoracic- everything else

76
Q

2/3 of all lymph come from where?

A

liver and intestines

77
Q

True or false; any factor that increases filtration and or decreases reabsorption will increase lymph formation

A

true

78
Q

How many mL per hour does the thoracic duct drain? How about right duct?

A

Thoracic = 100 mL/hr
Right= 20 mL/hr
Total lymph = 120 mL/hr

79
Q

True or false; everyday a volume of lymph equal to 1/2 of your entire plasma volume is filtered

A

false it is equal to the amount of plasma

80
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system

A

Return lost protein to vascular system
Drain excess plasma from ISF
Carry absorbed substances/nutrients
Filter lymph from nodes

81
Q

True or false; arterial BP is created by the interaction of blood with vascular walls

A

true

82
Q

During systole are arteries distended? Is BP peaking or falling?

A

yes they are (systole is contraction)

and peaking

83
Q

During diastole what are arteries doing? is BP peaking or falling?

A

arteries are recoiling (diastole is filling)

BP is falling

84
Q

What is hydraulic filtering?

A

Stretch (systole) and recoil (diastole) of the arterial tree that normally occurs during cardiac cycle
This saves heart work

85
Q

As we age artery distensibility decreases, what does this do for hydraulic filtering

A

it makes it less efficient causing more work on the heart

86
Q

True or false; systolic BP is at maximum pressure in systemic arteries

A

true; pressure peaks as blood is ejected from LV into aorta

87
Q

The minimum BP in the systemic arteries occurs when?

A

Diastolic BP

88
Q

What are two factors that contribute to how far the pressure will fall during diastolic BP

A

Cycle length and Total peripheral resistance (TPR)

89
Q

True or false; the mean arterial pressure (MAP) is a arithmetical mean between systole and diastole

A

false; MAP = 1/3 pulse pressure + Diastolic BP (approximation)

90
Q

Most post-ganglionic SNS terminals release what? What is the predominate receptor for this hormone? What is the response of smooth muscle?

A

Norepinephrine
Alpha receptors
Smooth muscle constricts (constriction of arterioles reduces blood flow increasing BP, constriction of arteries raise BP, and constriction of veins increases venous return)

91
Q

SNS stimulation increases vasoconstriction and thus decreasing blood flow while increasing BP every where in the body except where?

A

Brian (arterioles weakly innervated with SNS)
Lungs (arterioles weakly innervated with SNS)
and Heart (SNS causes release of local vasodilators (adenosine))

92
Q

True or false; there is a critical arterial pressure in which if falls below arterioles will close completely (bad news bears)

A

true

93
Q

True or false; if cardiac output stops, arterial pressure will fall and venous pressure will rise

A

true

94
Q

In most tissue beds, blow flow is regulated in proportion to what?

A

Local metabolism

95
Q 
Consider the resistance in the following tissue beds: 
Coronary = .40 mmHg/ml/min 
brain = .13
liver = .08
Kidneys = .10

What is the total peripheral resistance? (TPR)

Which organ will have the greatest flow?

A
96
Q

In the following vessels the flow rate is identical, which vessel is offering the greatest resistance to flow?

(A) P1= 50 P2=25
(B) P1=70 P2 = 60
(C) P1=80 P2 = 65

A

(A) has the greatest change (delta 25)

97
Q

A broad band doppler reading is indicative of what type of flow? What about narrow?

A

Broad: turbulent
Narrow: Laminar

98
Q

What is the equation to find Flow?

A 
F = V x A
(Flow = velocity x area)
99
Q

The vascular compartment with the greatest total cross sectional area is what?

A

Capillaries

100
Q

What vascular compartment has the greatest resistance to flow?

A

arterioles

101
Q

True or false; maximizing total peripheral resistance is characteristic of a parallel circuit

A

false (changing maximize to minimize would make it true)

102
Q

A small change in volume producing a large change in pressure is characteristic of which vascular compartment

A

systemic arteries

103
Q

A large change in volume producing a small change in pressure is characteristic of which vascular compartment

A

systemic veins

104
Q

Acetylcholine binding to the vascular endothelium has what effect?

A

vasodilation by causing NO release

105
Q

What is the effect of SNS on most vascular smooth muscle?

A

vasoconstriction mediated by alpha receptors

106
Q

True or false; beta receptors are associated with vasodilation

A

true

107
Q

True or false; during widespread SNS tissue beds in the lungs would show a great increase in vascular resistance

A

false; same is true of brain and heart

108
Q

As a tissue becomes more active, how is blood flow to that tissue increased?

A

Tissue releases local vasodilators

109
Q

At a given mean circulatory filling pressure what happens to venous return as central venous pressure increases?

A

decreases

Equilibrium pressure - arteriole pressure=venous pressure

110
Q

If cardiac output is stopped, arterial pressure will be expected to fall until it equals what?

A

critical closing pressure

111
Q

True or false; mean circulatory pressure is associated with shunts

A

true

112
Q

In a healthy young adult what can be said about tissue flow during diastole

A

maintained by recoil of the arteries (this diminishes as we age)

113
Q

If you see a patient who’s flow has doubled but their O2 uptake has fallen by half what would you be expect?

A

Due to shunting

114
Q

A functional increase in flow and O2 uptake is associated with what?

A

release of local vasodilators

115
Q

What increases the plasma colloid osmotic effect by about 50%

A

Negative changes on protein attracting and holding positive ions like sodium (Na+)

116
Q

What effect does decreasing velocity have on blood viscosity

A

increases

117
Q

How does fibrinogen decrease blood viscosity

A

Makes RBC’s more flexible

118
Q

The chronic use of anti-inflammatory drugs could be expected to inhibit what?

A

angiogesis (occurs in inflammation)

119
Q

Which brainstem area is tonically active and is associated with a tonic SNS outflow?

A

neurons anterolateral in the upper medulla and pons

120
Q

What part of the brain reflects projection of baro and chemoreceptos

A

Neurons associated with the nucleus tracts solitarius

121
Q

What are neurons anterolateral in the lower medulla associated with

A

depressor

122
Q

What substance is associated with local vasodilation

A

adenosine

123
Q

What high resistance micro vessels control local blood flow by integrating multiple input which determine lumen diameter?

A

arterioles

124
Q

What may act at the level of the CNS in the development hypotension

A

NO

125
Q

True or false; adenosine is an example of a local vasodilatory

A

true

126
Q

In the kidney, how does SNS stimulation, increase angiotensin formation?

A

by stimulation of JG cells to release renin (enzyme that up regulates angiotensin)

127
Q

In response to a fall in systemic arterial BP, what changes would be counterproductive in offsetting that fall?

A

increase in ANP release (promotes water and Na loss which would further lower pressure - want this to increase with rise in pressure)

128
Q

In the face of rising arterial BP, which of the following responses would auto regulate both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration

A

constriction of the afferent arterioles

129
Q

What effect does stimulation of baroreceptors, have on sympathetic outflow

A

decreases

130
Q

During systole, what is happening to baroreceptor activity

A

increasing

131
Q

In the fetus, the ductus arteriosis shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta returning primarily from what vessel

A

superior vena cava

132
Q

True or false; the inferior vena cava bypasses by foramen ovale in fetus

A

true

133
Q

What is the function of the ductus venous in the fetus

A

shunt blood from the umbilical vein into the inferior vena cava (also portal vein)

134
Q

True or false; in fetus the umbilical vein has the highest O2 content

A

true

135
Q

True or false; when the heart receives SNS it causes metabolically induced local increase in blood flow

A

true

136
Q

During exercise, does VO2 and TPR go up or down? What about diastolic BP?

A

VO2 and TPR go up

Diastolic BP could go up, down or stay the same

137
Q

During exercise, most of the increase in cardiac output is due to what?

A

increase in heart rate

138
Q

True or false; as central venous pressure increases cardiac output increases

A

true

139
Q

Where is the vasomotor pressor center in the brain

A

anterolateral portions of upper medulla (NOE projections to IML horn)

Vasoconstrictor

140
Q

Where is the vasomotor depressor center in the brain

A

anterolateral lower medulla

vasodilation

141
Q

Where is the vasomotor sensory area in the brain (baroreceptors)

A

Posterolateral portions of pons and medulla (nucleus solitarius)

Inhibits the pressure center, lowers BP

142
Q

True or false; the cardioinhibitory area of the brain is located medial to the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

A

true

143
Q

Where does rapid short term control of BP come from? How about long term?

A

Short term- from CNS effecting vascular smooth muscle

Long term- from kidneys (renal fluid balance)

144
Q

True or false; BP is accomplished by either affecting vascular tone or blood volume

A

true

145
Q

Baroreceptors are spray type nerve endings especially abundant where? Do they vasodilate or vasoconstrict?

A

Especially abundant in Carotid sinus and aorta

vasodilatation

146
Q

Where are low pressure baroreceptors located?

A

atrial walls and pulmonary arteries

147
Q

True or false; stretch on atrial walls would signal low pressure baroreceptors- decreasing heart rate in increasing urine production

A

true

148
Q

An increase in atrial pressure will cause what response in kidneys?

A

kidneys excrete excess ECF

149
Q

In regards to the kidneys; what do afferent arterioles supply? What about efferent arterioles?

A

Afferent arterioles- supply glomerular capillaries where filtration takes place

Efferent arterioles- drain the glomerular capillaries and give rise to the peritubular capillaries where reabsorption takes place

Afferent = filtrAtion
Efferent = rEabsorption
150
Q

True or false; most auto regulation of both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration takes place at efferent arterioles

A

false; takes place at afferent (filtration)

151
Q

What is the normal glomerular filtration rate? What about normal rate of renal blood flow

A

Filtration - 100 ml/min

renal - 1.25 L/min (25% cardiac output)

152
Q

Describe how the afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidneys can effect renal blood flow and glomerular reabsorption

A

Stimulation and subsequent constriction of afferent arterioles will cause decrease in both renal blood flow and GFR

While stimulation and subsequent constriction of efferent arterioles will cause a decrease in renal blood flow but an increase in GFR by creating back pressure

153
Q

True or false; kidneys can effect BP by excreting more fluid because when extracellular fluid levels rise, the arterial pressure rises as well

A

true

154
Q

What hormones decrease renal blood flow?

A

NOE
Epinpephrine
Antiotensin II

155
Q

What hormones increase renal blood flow?

A

prostaglandins (E & I)

156
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

JG cells

157
Q

What causes release of renin?

A 
SNS
decrease in NaCl delivery to macula dense 
hormone stimulation (thyroid, growth)
158
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I from angiotensin

A

renin

159
Q

Where does the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 take place

A

lungs

160
Q

What are the functions of angiotensin 2

A

stimulate adrenal cortex (aldosterone)
stimulate kidneys
stimulate ADH/vasopressin release

161
Q

If you were to tie off one renal artery what would happen?

A

development of hypertension but no uremia

162
Q

If you were to tie off one renal a. and remove one kidney what would happen?

A

no development of hypertension or uremia

163
Q

If you were to tie off both renal a. and remove both kidneys what would happen?

A

hypertension and uremia

164
Q

Hypertension generated by tying off a renal a. is called what?

A

“goldblatt hypertensive model”

165
Q

Resting oxygen saturation, decrease chemoreflex activation, decrease sympathetic activity are all benefits of what?

A

slow breathing

166
Q

How can antioxidants helper keep BP low?

A

NO from the endothelium relaxes smooth muscle reducting BP

But free radicals can rapidly deactivate NO

So increasing antioxidants to take out free radicals can keep NO around

167
Q

Vitamins ACE, melatonin, lycopene, selenium, glutathione, superoxide dismutase are all examples of what?

A

antioxidants

168
Q

True or false; in fetus pulmonary blood flow is minimal

A

true; the placenta does the fetal gas exchange

169
Q

Umbilical arteries that supply the placenta are branches off of what in the mother

A

anterior iliac a.

170
Q

Blood from placenta reaches fetus via what/

A

umbilical v.

171
Q

Which fetal shunts allow blood to bypass the lungs?

A

ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale

172
Q

What fetal shunt allows umbilical and portal blood to bypass the liver

A

ductus venosus

173
Q

What has the highest Oxygen concentration in fetal circulation

A

umbilical v.

174
Q

True or false; upon birth the shunts foramen ovale, ductus arteriosis, and ductus venosus all shut

A

true

175
Q

In the fetus what shunts most blood returning to the heart from the IVC to the left atrium

A

foramen ovale

176
Q

In fetus, what shunts most blood returning to the heart from the superior vena cava to aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

177
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
transposition of great vessels
and tetrology fallot are all examples of what?

A

Possible congenital defects of fetal cardiac system

178
Q

Right Ventricular hypertrophy, large ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular outflow obstruction are signs of what?

A

Tetrology of fallot

causes Cyanosis (blue coloring of skin) and Dyspnea (breathing difficulty)

179
Q

What is the greatest stress on the cardiovascular system and can increase cardiac output 5 to 6 fold?

A

exercise

180
Q

True or false; during exercise TPR decreases because of vasodilation in active muscle

A

true

181
Q

True or false; during exercise SNS causes increased venous return, decreased blood flow to organs, increased blood flow to skeletal muscle and increased smooth muscle tone to maintain higher BP

A

true

182
Q

What tissues escape SNS vasoconstriction

A

Brain
Heart
Lungs

183
Q

How does SNS during exercise increase venous return

A

constriction of veins (primarily occurs in lower extremity)

184
Q

True or false; increased blood flow to active muscle is mediated by SNS during exercise

A

false; it is mediated by local release of local vasodilators

185
Q

What is the average blood flow during rest in L/min? What about during exercise

A

Rest- 5.9 L/min

Exercise- 24L/min

186
Q

What is VO2 max? What can it range from?

A

It is the maximum amount of oxygen that one can take up from the lungs to deliver to tissues

Ranges from 1.5L/min (sick patient) to 3.0 L/min (avg. joe) to 6.0 L/min (Billy bad ass)

187
Q

When can O2 debt happen? What is extra O2 used for?

A

happens when energy demands cannot be met by oxidative phosphorylation

used to restore metabolite levels (creatine phosphate, ATP)
Metabolize lactate generated by glycolysis

CVP (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions