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Psychology 5240 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Names of glands in the brain that produce hormones and precursor hormones necessary for sexual functioning

A

Endocrine glands, hypothalamus, Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior) and gonads

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2
Q

What is the “Master land”

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

How do negative feedback loops work for men in testosterone production

A

Keep testosterone levels even. If they start to rise the system turns off and decreases turn the system on.

Levels can vary during the day and month

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4
Q

How do the major sex hormones fluctuate during a month cycle for men

A

Can vary from day to day and month to month, but pretty constant.

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5
Q

How do the major sex hormones fluctuate during a month cycle for women

A

Drop and increase based on time of the month.

Stages:
Follicular: Secretes estrogen
Ovulation: Surge in LH
Luteal: High Progesterone levels, shut down of FSH and LH production
Menstruation: Sharp decline in estrogen and progesterone levels

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6
Q

What is TDF

A

Teste Differentiation Factor

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7
Q

What does TDF do?

A

Directs gonads to be testes

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8
Q

How does is gonad differentiation different between boys and girls

A

Boys: occurs at 7 weeks, Y chromosome produces TDF which directs gonads to become testes.

Girls: Ovaries develop at 13-14 weeks, X chromosome controls functioning of ovaries

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9
Q

Analogous organs

A

Ovaries/testes
Penis/clitoris
Prostate/Skene’s gland
Cowper’s gland/Bartholin gland

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10
Q

Homologous organs

A 
Ovaries/testes
Penis/Clitoris
Scrotum/outer lips
Prostate/Skene's gland
Cowper's gland/Bartholin gland
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11
Q

Puberty

A

Process by which further sexual differentiation occurs.

-Enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, leading to reproductive capacity.

Controlled by Hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads

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12
Q

Adolescence

A

A period of development that bears some relationship to puberty.

Represents the psychological transition from child to adult. Occurs between ages 10-20.

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13
Q

Puberty vs. Adolescence

A

Adolescence is socially defined whereas puberty consists of physical changes.

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14
Q

First signs of puberty in boys

A

Growth of Testes and scrotal sac
growth of pubic hair
Penis thickens and lengthens

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15
Q

First signs of puberty in girls

A 
Breast development
Changes in fat distribution
Growth of pubic hair
Menarche
underarm hair and sweat glands
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16
Q

Problems that can arise for girls during puberty

A

Extra weight gain (even obesity) that may not come of after puberty

Can get negative reactions or feel negatively about their first period (Menarche)

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17
Q

Problems that can arise for boys during puberty

A

Acne: can have psychological consequences

Gynecomastia: breast enlargement in boys due to females hormones produced in testes

Obesity

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18
Q

Menstrual Cycle and how is effects sexual behavior

A

Women seem to have the highest sexual arousal right after the end of the menstrual cycle. 3 days before and 3 days after ovulation is when sexual activity and desire are highest

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19
Q

Estrus Cycle and how it effects sexual behavior

A

.

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20
Q

How does a sperm fertilize an egg

A

Sperm swims up to the egg, secretes an enzyme called hyaluronidase. The enzyme dissolved the outer layer of the egg and permits one sperm to enter.

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21
Q

When should intercourse occur to increase chances of fertilization

A

During ovulation

Day or two before ovulation is best

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22
Q

Best position for conception

A

Missionary/ woman on her back.

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23
Q

Function of the placenta

A

Mass of tissues that nurtures the conceptus

Site of substance exchange between mother and fetus

Secretes hormones: estrogen, progesterone, hCG (pregnancy test hormone)

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24
Q

Function of the umbilical cord

A

Part of the embryo’s support system, connects the fetus to the placenta

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25
Q

What are the necessary minerals and nutrients for pregnant women to have healthy babies

A 
proteins
Folic Acid
Calcium
Magnesium
Vitamin....
Iron
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26
Q

Current thinking about alcohol use during pregnancy

A

May result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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27
Q

Preeclampsia

A

elevated blood pressure accompanied by generalized edema and proteinuria(protein in the urine)

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28
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Testing a sample of the amniotic fluid to provide an early diagnosis of:

  • Chromosomal anomalies
  • genetically produced biochemical disorders
  • sex-linked diseases carried by females
29
Q

Mental illness most likely to effect women postpartum**

A

Postpartum blues****

30
Q

Contributions to female infertility, Which is the leading cause

A
  • Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID)-Most common
  • Failure to ovulate
  • Blockage of fallopian tubes
  • Cervical mucus that blocks the passage of the sperm
31
Q

How does the combination birth control pill prevent pregnancy

A

Prevents woman from ovulating. The high estrogen levels in the pill prevent the ovulation message from being sent.

32
Q

How does the vaginal ring prevent pregnancy

A

Hormones are absorbed through the vaginal wall. Prevents the egg from implanting.

33
Q

How is the failure rate figured

A

Over the course of a year using that contraceptive

34
Q

Side effects of the combination birth control pill

A
  • Increase in certain diseases of the circulatory system
  • Aggravation of pre-existing cancers
  • Increased vaginal discharge which can increase likelihood of vaginitis
  • about 20% of women report increased irritability and depression
35
Q

Barrier methods of birth control

A
  • Diaphram
  • FemCap, Lea’s shield, The sponge
  • Male condom
  • Female condom
  • Spermicides
36
Q

Which barrier methods protect against STI’s

A

Male and female condoms

37
Q

Long term effects of using the withdrawal method of birth control

A

May contribute to sexual dysfunction in both men and women

38
Q

What is spontaneous abortion

A

When a pregnancy terminates through natural causes before then conceptus is viable (capable of living on it’s own.

39
Q

When is spontaneous abortion most likely to occur

A

First trimester

40
Q

What is a vasectomy and how long does it take to work

A

When the Vas Defrens are tied. Works right away

41
Q

Most common method of abortion in the first trimester

A

Vacuum aspiration method

42
Q

Bacterial STI’s

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Gonorrhea
  • Syphilis
43
Q

Viral STI’s

A

-HPV
-Herpes
-HIV
-AIDs
Hepatitis (Hep B)

44
Q

Which types of STI’s can be cured

A

Bacterial and parasitic

45
Q

How is Chlamydia cured

A

Cured through medication like Azithromycin or an tetracycline

46
Q

Main ways that HIV are contracted

A

Through anal and vaginal intercourse.

Transmission of bodily fluids into open cuts or sores.

47
Q

Four stages of a woman’s cycle

A

Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal
Menstration

48
Q

Academic performance of women during menstruation

A

No fluctuation in academic performance

49
Q

Athletic performance pf women during menstruation

A

31% of athletes thought they noticed a decline in performance.

No decline was detected for strength or speed.

50
Q

What are the damaging effects of Chlamydia?

A
  • Urethral damage
  • Epididymitis
  • Reiter’s syndrom
  • Proctitis in men who had anal intercourse
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
  • Problems with pregnancy
  • Risks to newborns with infected mothers
51
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

-Painful menstruation

Ex: Cramping, headaches, nausea, feelings of pressure and bloating

52
Q

Endometriosis

A

Grows outside of uterus

-Long painful periods

53
Q

Amenorrhea

A

The absence of menstruation

-Symptom of infertility

54
Q

Stage 1 of labor

A
  • contractions efface and dilate the cervix
  • Strong contractions where women report pain and exhaustion
  • can last 2-24 hours
55
Q

Stage 2 of labor

A
  • Cervix is fully dilated
  • Baby’s head moves into the vagina
  • Baby is able to be detached from mom if it’s breathing okay
56
Q

Stage 3 of labor

A
  • Placenta detaches and afterbirth is expelled
  • can last a few minutes to an hour
  • may be accompanied by placenta’s expulsion
  • All tearing (episiotomy)
57
Q

Postpartum Blues

A

Mood swings
Feeling depressed
Irritability
Trying to work for you need more fun things

58
Q

Postpartum depression

A

Mild to moderate depression following child birth

Depressed mood, insomnia, tearfulness, feigns of inadequacy, fatigue

59
Q

Postpartum psychosis

A

-Rare, severe depression

Restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbance, disorganized behavior, mood swings, delusions, and hallucinations

60
Q

Symptoms of Chlamydia

A

Clear discharge
Mild discomfort during urination
Appears 7-14 days after infection

61
Q

Symptoms of HPV

A

Most people are asymptomatic

Sometimes genital warts will appear 3-8 months after infection

62
Q

Symptoms of genital herpes

A

Small, painful bumps or blisters
usually found on vaginal lips, penis and anus
Appear 2-3 weeks after infection

63
Q

Symptoms of HIV/AIDS

A

May have no symptoms until HIV has progressed to AIDS

64
Q

Symptoms of Gonorrhea

A

Men: pus-like discharge and painful, burring urination
Women: asymptomatic

65
Q

Symptoms of Syphilis

A

Chancres: round, ulcer-lie lesions with a hard, raised edge, resembles a crater

66
Q

Symptoms of Viral Hepatitis

A

No signs, but can develop liver disease if they have had it for a long time

67
Q

Symptoms of Trichomoniasis

A

.

68
Q

Symptoms of Crabs

A

Itching

Psychology 5240 (5 decks)

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