Exam 2 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Right Carotid Artery Supplies…
A
Supplies right side of head, neck, and brain
2
Q
Right Subclavian Artery Supplies…
A
Supplies right upper extremity, some to brain and branch to heart
3
Q
Left Carotid Artery Supplies…
A
Supplies left side of head, neck, and brain
4
Q
Left Subclavian Supplies…
A
Supplies left upper extremity, some to brain, and branch to heart
5
Q
Where does Subclavian artery become axillary artery?
A
1st rib
6
Q
2 branches of the Subclavian artery
A
Vertebral Artery- 1st part of subclavian
Thyrocervical Trunk- short trunk
7
Q
Common carotid arteries 2 branches
A
Internal Carotid Arteries
External Carotid Arteries
8
Q
Internal Carotid Arteries supplies…
A
Anterior and middle brain, orbit, and scalp
9
Q
External Carotid Arteries supplies…
A
Neck and face
10
Q
Phrenic Nerve
A
C3-C5 nerves
Supplies diaphragm
If injured, paralysis of diaphragm on that side
11
Q
4 parts of the brain
A
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem
12
Q
Cerebrum
A
controls thought
Control center for perception, communication, understanding and memory
13
Q
Fold
A
gyri or convolutions
14
Q
Deep grooves
A
fissures
15
Q
Shallower grooves
A
Sulci
16
Q
Longitudinal Fissures
A
separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called Cerebral Hemispheres
17
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
connect hemispheres
18
Q
4 Lobes of the brain
A
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
19
Q
Central Sulcus
A
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
20
Q
Pre-central Gyrus
A
anterior to the central sulcus; primary motor area
21
Q
Post-central Gyrus
A
Posterior to the central sulcus; primary somatosensory area
22
Q
Vertebral Artery Supplies….
A
Posterior Brain
23
Q
Internal Carotid Artery Branches
A
Anterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Anterior Communicating
24
Q
Vertebral Artery Branches
A
Basilar Artery
Posterior Cerebral
Posterior Communicating
25
What makes up the Circle of Willis?
Anterior Cerebral
Anterior Communicating
Middle Cerebral
Posterior Communicating
26
Where does anterior cerebral Artery go after circle of willis?
Superior and then posteriorly along corpus callosum
27
Where does middle cerebral artery go after circle of willis?
Between parietal and temporal lobes
28
What does posterior communicating arteries (2) connect?
internal carotid to basilar artery
29
Anterior Circulation of Circle of Willis
Two Internal Carotid Arteries
30
Internal Carotid Arteries branches into...
Anterior Cerebral Artery
| Middle Cerebral Artery
31
Internal Carotid Arteries Function
Majority of cerebral circulation
| Obstruction: contralateral motor and sensory deficit
32
Collateral Circulation: Circle of Willis
Anterior Communicating Artery
| Posterior Communicating Arteries (2)
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Posterior Circulation of Circle of Willis
Two Vertebral Arteries
34
Vertebral arteries combine to form...
basilar artery
35
Basilar Artery divides to form...
posterior cerebral arteries
36
Two Vertebral Artery Function
Supplies cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum
| Obstruction: Vision loss and vertigo
37
Anterior Circulation Supply to Brain
Majority of Cerebral Circulation
| Obstruction will result in contralateral motor and sensory deficit
38
Posterior Circulation Supply to Brain
Provides flow to cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum
| Obstruction will result in vision loss and vertigo
39
Left Dominant Hemisphere Stroke (dont memorize)
```
Aphasia
Right Hemiparesis
Right-sided sensory loss
Right visual field defect
Poor right conjugate gaze
Dysarthria
Difficulty reading, writing, or calculating
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40
Right Non-Dominant Hemisphere Stroke (don't memorize)
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Neglect of left visual field
Extinction of left-sided stimuli
Left hemiparesis
Left-sided sensory loss
Left visual field defect
Poor left conjugate gaze
Dysarthria
Spatial disorientation
```
41
Most common cause of ischemic brain infarcts (strokes)
Thromboemboli
| Most common: vessel wall embolus
42
Vessel Wall Embolus
Carotid artery most often the source
| Related to thrombus formation distal to stenosis
43
Ischemic Brain Infarct Causes
Vessel Wall Embolus
Cardiac source (Hemispheric attack > 60 minutes)
Other vascular Sources
44
Cardiac Source (Hemispheric Attach > 60 min)
```
A Fib
Mitral valve stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Calcified mitral annulus
Ventricular aneurysm or dyskinesia
Atrial or ventricular clot
Valvular vegetation
ASD
```
45
Other Vascular Sources of Stroke
Intracranial artery thrombus (esp. blacks)
Aortic arch atherosclerotic Plaque
Transient hypotension w. Carotid Stenosis >75%
46
Ulnar artery
Supplies medial muscles of anterior forearm
| Terminated as deep and superficial ulnar palmar arches
47
Radial artery
runs along cubital fossa along lateral side of forearm
| supplies lateral forearm muscles
48
Vena Comitantes
Deep veins
| 2 or more veins that wrap around an accompanying artery
49
Superficial Veins in Arm
Basilic Vein
Cephalic Vein
Median Cubital Vein
50
Basilic Vein
medial side of arm
becomes axillary vein
superficial vein
51
Cephalic Vein
lateral side of arm
joins axillary vein in the shoulder
superficial vein
52
Medial Cubital Vein
at elbow
connection between 2 superficial veins
used for blood draws
superficial vein
53
Common Iliac Artery Divides into...
External Iliac
| Internal Iliac
54
External Iliac
Supplies blood to remained of lower limbs
| Becomes femoral artery
55
Internal Iliac
Primarily supplies blood to pelvic and gluteal regions
| Divides into: superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery, obturator artery
56
Anterior Tibial Artery
aka. Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Supplies anterior compartment of the leg
Continues as Dorsalis Pedis Artery at ankle
57
Dorsalis Pedia Artery Branches
Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery
| Anterior Medial Malleolar Artery
58
Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery
eventually joins fibular artery
59
Anterior Medial Malleolar ARtery
eventually joins the tibial artery
60
Posterior Tibial Artery
Supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and foot
Gives rise to the fibular artery (runs along the medial side of the fibula)
Splits: Lateral Plantar Artery (deep plantar arch) joins deep plantar artery
& Medial Plantar Artery
61
Fibular Artery Branches into....
Medial Plantar Artery
| Lateral Plantar Artery
62
Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Anterior Tibial Artery) branches into...
medial tarsal artery
lateral tarsal artery (supplies tarsals/ toes)
Courses to the base of metatarsals 1 and 2 then splits:
First Dorsal Metatarsal Artery (1st metatarsal/great toe)
Deep Plantar Artery (plantar surface of foot)
63
Respiratory System is comprised of
```
Nose
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs
```
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Upper Respiratory System
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, associated structures
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Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
66
Conducting Zone
Cavities and tubes outside and within the lungs
Ex. Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Function: Filter, warm and moisten the air and conduct to the lungs
67
Respiratory Zone
Tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Function: site of gas exchange
68
Nose Function
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Warm air (via capillaries)
Moisten air (via mucous)
Filter incoming air
Detect olfactory stimuli
Modify speech vibrations as they pass through large hollow resonating chambers
```
69
Pharynx
Funnel Shaped Tube
5'' long
Starts at internal nares and extends to level of cricoid cartilage
Wall composed of skeletal muscle
Lined with mucous membrane
Relaxed, skeletal muscle keeps pharynx patent
Contract, skeletal muscle assists in swallowing
Passageway for air and food
70
Pharynx 3 Regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
71
Nasopharynx
Nasal cavity to soft palate
72
Oropharynx
Soft palate inferior to hyoid bone
Opening of the mouth is in here
Common passageway for air and food
73
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone inferior to esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)
74
Larynx
Short passageway that connects the largopharynx with the trachea
Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
3 single pieces: thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
3 paired pieces
75
Thyroid Cartilage
Adam's Apple
2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form an anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape
Present in males and females, more prominent in males
76
Epiglottis
Large leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered by epithelium; covers larynx during swallowing and after swallowing opens back up to allow air to enter larynx and trachea
Stem- attached to anterior rim of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
Leaf- unattached, free to move up and down like a trap door
77
Swallowing
Pharynx and larynx rise.
Elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food and drink
Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the vocal cords: keep food out of larynx and guides it into esophagus
78
Trachea
Aka. Windpipe
Tubular passageway for air
5'' long and 1'' in diameter
Located anterior to esophagus
Extends form larynx to superior border of 5th thoracic vertebrae
Divides into right and left primary bronchi
Contain incomplete rings of cartilage
79
Layers of the Tracheal Wall (inside to out)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
16-20 incomplete hyaline cartilage rings stacked horizontally: interconnected via dense connective tissue; can be palpated through the skin inferior to the larynx, provides semi-rigid support to maintain patency so the trachea doesn't collapse
80
Right Primary Bronchus vs Left
Right Primary bronchus is more vertical, wider, and shallower than the left; aspirated objects more likely to lodge here
81
Epi
over
82
Glottis
tongue
83
Carina
point where trachea divides, internal ridge; mucous membranes here are one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering cough reflex
84
Secondary Bronchi AKA...
Lobar
85
How many lobes in each lung?
3 on the right
| 2 on the left
86
Tertiary Bronchi AKA...
segmental
87
Terminal Bronchioles
End of conducting zone
88
How does smooth muscle maintain patency of airway?
Muscle spasms can close off airways (Asthma)
Exercise increase release Epi/NE by SNS causes smooth muscle relaxation, airway dilation, increase vent.
PNS and allergic rxns; histamine, contract bronchiolar smooth muscle and constricts airway
89
Histology: Bronchi vs. Bronchioles
Presence of cartilage in bronchus which allows larger diameter of the airway and prevent collapse
90
Lung Hilum
Bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit
Vagus nerve, epi, and norepi
91
Vagus Nerve
parasympathetic innervation (Ach) causes bronchial smooth muscle constriction
92
Epi & Norepi
bronchial dilation
93
Parietal Pleura
Adherant to chest wall
| Highly sensitive to pain
94
Visceral Pleura
Adherant to surface of the lungs
| No pain sensation
95
Pleural Cavity
Space between the two pleura
Small amount serous fluid is useful to lubricate lung surface during respiration (acculumate large amt of fluid and compress lung)
provides surface tension for the lungs to remain adherant to chest wall during respiration and movement of chest muscles: lung expand
96
Left Lung
Contains concavity (cardiac notch)
Apex of the heart sits there (cardiac notch)
10% smaller than the right due to space occupied by heart
Oblique fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes
97
Right Lung
```
thicker, broader, shorter than left lungs because diaphragm is higher on the right side to accomodate the liver
Oblique fissure (superior)-separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe. The inferior part separates the inferior lobe from the middle lobe
Horizontal fissure- separates the superior and middle lobes
```
98
What divides lobes of the lungs?
1-2 fissures
99
How many tertiary (segmental bronchi) in each lung?
10 in each lung
100
Bronchopulmonary segment
Tertiary bronchi go to this segment of lung tissue
101
Lobules
Each bronchopulmonary segment has many small compartments called lobules
Have lymphatic vessels, arteriole, a venule, branch of terminal bronchus
Surrounded by elastic connective tissue
102
Respiratory Bronchioles
have alveoli budding from walls where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles start the respiratory zone of respiratory system
Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts
103
Alveolar sacs
2 or more alveoli that share a common opening
104
How many alveoli in lungs?
300 million alveoli
105
What is the surface area of alevoli?
70m^2
106
Surfactant
```
secreted by alevoli
phospholipids and lipoproteins
lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid
reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse
maintains patency
```
107
Respiratory membrane contains...
Alveolar Wall (2 types of cells)
Epithelial basement membrane
Capilary basement membrane (fused to epithelial basement membrane)
Capillary endothelium
108
How big is the respiratory membrane?
0.5 micrometers
109
How do pulmonary blood vessels respond to hypoxia?
They constrict (all other body tissues dilate to increase blood flow)
Vasocontriction diverts pulmonary blood flow to better ventilated areas of the lung where gas exchange is better
(Ventilation-perfusion coupling)
110
2 blood supplies of the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
| Bronchial circulation- supply terminal bronchioles, outer walls pulmonary vessels, supporting tissues
