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Physical Geography > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

10 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters

As parcel rises it expands.

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2
Q

Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (WALR)

A

5 degrees Celsius per 1000 meters

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3
Q

Cirrus Clouds

A

Thin and wispy

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4
Q

Cumulus Clouds

A

Puffy clouds with flat bottoms and vertical growth

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5
Q

Stratus Clouds

A

Layered, flat “sheets” that cover the whole sky. Usually grey.

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6
Q

Nimbo or Nimbus

A

Precipitation likely

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7
Q

Lenticular Clouds

A

Lens shaped clouds that form when air goes up and over mountains

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8
Q

Types of Precipitation

A

Rain, Sleet, Snow, Freezing Rain, Hail, Graupel (Soft Hail)

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9
Q

Convectional Atmospheric Uplift

A

Warm bubbles of rising air

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10
Q

Orographic Atmospheric Uplift

A

Air that moves up and over mountains

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11
Q

Frontal Atmospheric Uplift

A

Air masses (cold and warm fronts) collide. Warm rises over cold causing long clouds along the boundary.

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12
Q

Convergent Atmospheric Uplift

A

Low pressure centers

(a.k.a. troughs) causing an uplift of air.

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13
Q

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR)

A

10*c/1000m

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14
Q

Wet Adiabatic Lapse Rate (WALR)

A

6*c/1000m

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15
Q

Lifting Condensation Level

A

Air parcel (currently cooling at the DALR) begins to cool at the WALR

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16
Q

Fog

A

Clouds that touch the ground. Surface of air is saturated.

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17
Q

Types of Fog

A

Radiation (cool air trapped at surface)
Advection (warm air flows over cool air)
Sea (Warm sea air is blown to shore)
Evaporation (over a lake or body of water)

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18
Q

Types of Violent Weather

A

Thunderstorms, Derechos (a line of storms caused by continuous winds), Tornadoes, Tropical Cyclones

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19
Q

Eye of the Hurricane

A

The calm region of the hurricane located directly in the middle

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20
Q

Cold Front

A

The boundary of cold air mass particularly following the edge of a low pressure system.

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21
Q

Warm Front

A

A large warm air mass replacing a cold front particularly leading a low pressure system

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22
Q

Occluded Front

A

Warm and moist air trapped by cool air

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23
Q

Stationary Front

A

Collection of air masses but neither is strong enough to replace the other. Clouds, prolonged precipitation

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24
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Cycles of natural climate change controlled by Earth-Sun positions

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25
Eccentricity
Earth's non-circular orbit around the Sun, orbit becomes more circular every 100,000 years
26
Obliguity
Angle of Earth's axis, varies from 21* to 24.5* over the course of 40,000 years
27
Precession
"Wobble" of Earth towards and away from Sun over 20,000 years
28
Causes of Climate Change
Natural Change - Solar patterns, Plate tectonics, Ocean currents, Earths rotation/ axis Human Inflicted - CO2 output, cars, factories, etc
29
Anthropogenic Climate Change
Climate change caused by humans (i.e. cars and factories emitting greenhouse gases)
30
Earth's Internal Layers
Crust, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
31
Core
Inner core: Solid iron and nickel | Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel
32
Mantle
Lower Mantle: Solid iron, magnesium, and silicon | Upper Mantle: Solid-Plastic-Solid (stretches and flows) iron, magnesium, and silicon
33
Crust
Continental: Felsic (made of Feldspars) Oceanic: Mafic (made of Magnesium and Iron)
34
Geologic Times Scale
Tells RELATIVE ages of rock, based on fossils, divided into two periods: Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian
35
Pre-Cambrian Period
"Before Life"
36
Cambrian Period
"Life" | 3 periods: Old Life, Middle Life, New Life
37
Old Life (Cambrian Period)
Paleozooic, Fish and Plants
38
Middle Life (Cambrian Period)
Mesozoic, Dinosaurs
39
New Life (Cambrian Period)
Cenozoic, Mammals (The current time period)
40
Elements
monoatomic materials. (oxygen and silicon are most common in crust.)
41
Minerals
Combination of 2+ elements
42
Rocks
Combinaiton of 2+ minerals
43
Igneous Rocks
Made of molten magma
44
Sedimentary Rocks
Made of fragments of rock and mineral
45
Metamorphic Rocks
Rocks that have been modified due to heat and pressure
46
Intrusive Igneous
Solidifies slowly underground, formed of large crystals
47
Extrusive Igneous
Solidifies quickly on the surface, formed of microscopic cystals
48
Jointing
Fractures in bedrock, formed without movement
49
Exfoliation
Outer layers of rock "peel" away releasing pressure
50
Types of sedimentary rocks
Clastic, Chemically Precipitated, Organic
51
Global Warming
Increase in global temperature. It is important because of HOW FAST it is increasing.
52
Continental Shields
Large, stable, low-relief exspanses of land
53
Plate Tectonics
Formation, movementand destruction of lithospheric plates
54
Divergent Plate Boundary
Plates move away from eachother and new crust comes to the surface. Mainly Oceanic Crust.
55
Convergent Plate Boundary
Subduction occurs.One plate goes under the other and is recycled/destroyed
56
Transform Plate Boundary
Plates slide past eachother side to side
57
Isostasy
Balance of earth's crust on the asthenosphere below
58
Folding
Crust is folded Downward: Syncline Upward: Anticline
59
Normal Fault
Formed by tension. Has a huge cliff called a scarp
60
Reverse Fault
Formed by compression
61
Strike-Slip Fault
Fault that breaks along each other. Parallel to each other. "Shear"
62
Earthquake
Release of energy (seismic waves) below the crust causing movement above. Measured by Magnitude with a Seismograph. Epicenter and Focus
63
Lithosphere
Ridged outer part of the earth. The Crust and the Upper Mantle. (The Asthenosphere)
64
Magma and Lava
Molten material. Magma=underground, lava=above/on the surface
65
2 Types of Eruptions
Explosive (self-explanatory) and Effusive (Lava Flow)
66
Activity States of Volcanoes
Dormant (no evidence of eruption shows recent activity) Active (eruption in recorded history and might erupt) Extinct (No signs of activity)
67
Viscosity
A.K.A. Liquidity | Property of magma. Low = explosive, High=effusive.
68
Volcanic Landforms
Calderas, Composite Volcanoes, Lahar
69
Pyroclastic Flow
Hot ash, rock fragments, gasses, etc. that are shot out of volcanoes
70
Types of Weathering
Physical (frost action, salt crystal growth, pressure release) Chemical (hydration, oxidation, dissolution of carbonates)
71
Mass Wasting
Downslope movement of material DUE TO GRAVITY
72
Types of Mass Wasting
Creep, Flow, Solifluction, Slides and Glides, Rock Fall, Talus Slopes, Scarification
73
Fluvial (Water) Transportation
Dissolved (particles are dissolved in river water), Suspended (particles float), Bed (particles roll, slide or bounce(saltation) aong the bedrock)
74
Stream Piracy
One "absorbs" another
75
Drainage Patterns
Radial, Annular, Trellis,Rectangular, Dendritic
76
Delta
Where the mouth of a river meets an ocean
77
Groundwater Zones
Vadose Zone-Water filters through Water Table-Where water is level Saturated Zone-Water stays here
78
Types of Erosion by River
Hydraulic Action (breaking and moving), Abrasion (moving and rubbing,"sandpaper effecct"), Corrosion (minerals and rocks dissolved)
79
Aeolian (Wind) Transportation
Suspension, Saltation, Surface Creep
80
Loess
Silt, Dust from China and Glaciers, | Important for agriculture due to the lack of rocks and it holds nutrients and water better than most substances.
81
Alluvial Fan
Series of layers of rock and materials of different sizes. forms fan shape because temporary streams caused by rain moves the meterail in different directions
82
Spring (Neap) Tide
Happens twice a month, tidal range is the highest
83
Wave Properties
Height (crest to trough), Wavelength (crest to crest or trough to trough), Wave Period (time it takes for two crests in a row to cross a point)
84
Wave Refraction
Bending of waves, moves objects along the shore (longshore drift)

Physical Geography (2 decks)

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