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Cell Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

What does I cell disease involve, and what organelle is responsible

A

Accumulation of inclusion bodies inside cell

Golgi apparatus

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2
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus part of

A

The rough er

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3
Q

What is the function of the GA

A

Packaging and processing and modification of proteins and glycolipids

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4
Q

What is the general progression of the GA

A

Cis-medial-trans-trans Golgi network(TGN)

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5
Q

Are ribosomes found in the GA

A

No, there is no protein synthesis here

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6
Q

What are embedded on the cis-facing side of the GA

A

Glycosyltransferase

Sorting proteins

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7
Q

What is the function of glycosyltransferase

A

Addition or modification of sugar chains to create glyco-lipid/protein

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8
Q

What are the major functions of the GA

A

Lysosome formation
Secretory vesicle formation
Plasma membrane renewal

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9
Q

Where are hydrolase enzymes created

A

The rough er

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10
Q

What are the steps to sequestering the hydrolase enzymes after the rough er has created them

A

1) Mannose chain added in er
2) Transported to cis side GA
3) IN cis, mannose is capped with phosphate by glucose phosphotransferase
4) moved to TGN gathered by mannose-6 phosphate receptors and sent to lysosome

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11
Q

Which organelle exhibits CURL properties

A

The Golgi when sending hydrolase to lysosomes

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12
Q

If a vesicle does not have a phosphorylated mannose flag where is it destined for?

A

Plasma membrane, and the contents will be released to the ECM

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13
Q

What are the two types of exocytosis

A

Constitutive

Regulated

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14
Q

What is constitutive exocytosis

A

The default path for vesicles with no delay

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15
Q

What is regulated exocytosis

A

Vesicle is bound to the cytoskeleton and is not releases until the cell is stimulated

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16
Q

What are the causes of I cell disease

A

Failure to synthesize glucosamine phosphotransferase causing lysosomal enzymes to be excreted into the ECM and anything brought into the cell to not be broken down causing accumulation of inclusion bodies

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17
Q

I cell disease is a disease of what organelle

A

The Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

What is a hydrolase and what is its function

A

Hydrolase are digestive enzymes found in lysosomes

They cleave molecules by adding water

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19
Q

What is a primary lysosome

A

Newly formed and inactive lysosome with a homogenous interior

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20
Q

What is a secondary lysosome

A

A primary that has fused with an endosome and has a heterogenous interior making it active

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21
Q

How does the CURL function in lysosomes

A

Similar to endocytosis, the membrane receptors that cause the binding of the primary and the endosome

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22
Q

What happens to secondary lysosomes once they have absorbed materials to be digested

A

The digested materials leak out of the lysosome and the lysosome involutes into a multivesicular body and disappears

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23
Q

If a lysosome cannot digest a material what happens

A

The small vesicle will remain permanently and it’s called an residual body

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24
Q

What is autophagy

A

Self digestion, part of the normal turnover of organelles, and receptors located on the plasma membrane.

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25
What is heterophagy
Digestion of foreign materials
26
What are external operations
Extracellular digestion, | Can be from osteoclasts, or neutrophilic attack in defense
27
What is the importance of the lysosome having so am my different hydrolytic enzymes
So that it can digest any potential substrates
28
What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease
``` Gradual onset of retarded neurological development Increased head size Cerebral and macular degeneration Death by two years Many lipid containing lysosomes ```
29
What is the causes of Tay- Sachs disease
The accumulation of lipids in cells due to missing Hex A enzyme
30
What are the symptoms of myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers
Myoclonus ( shock like contractions of some muscles) Muscle weakness Epilepsy Gradually increasing levels of brain dysfunction Deterioration of skeletal muscles
31
What muscle fibers does MERRF affect
Type 1 fibers only (dependent on oxidative phosphorylation)
32
How is MERRF passed on
Through maternal inheritance
33
What is the major laboratory finding associated with MERRF
Torn muscle fibers, with bright red staining
34
What dictates the number if mitochondria present in a cell
Activity of the cell and its need for ATP
35
What is located on the outer mito membrane
Porins, allow for free passage of many different molecules.
36
What is the structure of the inner mito membrane
Many folds called cristae containing proteins needed for the electron transport system.
37
What important molecule is located in the inner mito membrane
Cardiolipin, causes the membrane to be highly impermeable to ions especially H+
38
What accumulates in the inner membrane space of the mito
Protons
39
What is filling the interior of the mito, specifically in the IMM
The matrix
40
What is the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis
Protons pumped out of the matrix into the intermembrane space against there gradient, creating a proton motive force which moves back through the membrane bringing e- with them creating ATP in the ATP synthase
41
Where does glycolysis happen
The cytoplasm, it's the conversion of glucose to pyruvate
42
Where does the Krebs cycle happen
In the matrix creates electrons and protons needed to create gradient
43
Where does the electron transport chain happen
In/on the inner mito membrane, pumps the protons across the membrane creating gradient needed.
44
What is the IMM re-entry protein
ATP synthetase (F1 Particle)
45
What are the products of glycolysis
Pyruvate ( converted to acetyl coA) | Small amount of ATP
46
What are the product of the Krebs cycle
Electrons Protons Both received by NAD becoming NADH
47
What are the ETS products
ATP and h2o
48
What molecule creates the ATP in the ETS
ATP synthetase or f1 particle or complex 5 protein
49
What is another name for the complex 1 protein
NADH dehydrogenase
50
What are the reactants going into the mitochondria
ADP, oxygen, and hpo4
51
What are the products of the mitochondria
ATP ,co2 , h2o
52
What is MERRP a disease of and what are the causes
Disease of the mitochondria Muscles and neurons that are dependent on ATP deteriorate High NADH levels because of failure of the ETS
53
What are the symptoms of katagener syndrome
Chronic sinusitis Chronic headaches Situs Inversus viscerum Males are infertile
54
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton
``` Maintain cell shape Motility Contraction Transport through the cytoplasm Organize the cytoplasm ```
55
What molecules make up the thin filament in muscle
Actin+troponin+tropomyosin
56
What makes a string of G-actin
G-actin(globular) + f-actin(filamentous)
57
True/false: myosin is an enzyme
True head region has the ability to walk on actin with ATP
58
What occurs when the myosin head binds near the g-actin
The power stroke
59
What is the rigor complex
When calcium lands tropomyosin moves out of the way allowing myosin to bind actin in the cocked position
60
What is the ultimate control of contraction
Temporarily opening the calcium channels
61
What is a ryanodine receptor
Protein that when signaled by neurotransmitter it will release calcium from voltage gated channels Located in the SER
62
What happens in a low calcium environment
Actin is turned "off" by allowing troponin to move tropomyosin to a position that myosin cannot walk
63
When calcium is present what happens in a muscle cell
Actin is on by inducing troponin to bind to tropomyosin moving it exposing g actin
64
What regulates the sliding filament theory
Calcium
65
What makes up the contractile ring of a cleavage furrow
Actin and myosin
66
What filaments make up the z line
Desmin
67
What filaments are found in the interior of micro villi
Mostly actin and some myosin anchoring to the terminal web
68
How to adhering junctions, spectrin stay anchored to the cell
By anchoring to the actin fibers
69
What are the intermediate fiber types
Keratin, desmin, vimentin, neurofilaments
70
What fiber is a major player in the desmosome (skin)
Keratin
71
What filaments are found in the a band
Myosin, actin (sort of),
72
What filaments are found in the I band
Actin and desmin
73
What does a cadherin attach to
Other cells
74
What does an integrin attach to
The ECM protein
75
Which fibers are used in endocytosis and exocytosis
Actin and myosin
76
What is a desmin fiber
The fibers that make up the z lines of the muscles cells
77
What is a neurofilament
Structural protein in a neuron helping it to maintain long projections
78
What is the purpose of intermediate filaments
To maintain integrity, ie structural
79
What is a microtubule made of
Tubulin
80
Where are the microtubules formed
Made in the microtubule organizing center
81
What is the arrangement of the centriole
9+0 arrangement
82
How does movement occur on the microtubule
Kinesin, and dynein
83
What functions are microtubules seen in
Axoplasmic flow Exocytosis Spindle apparatus Movement of cilium and flagellum(axoneme)
84
What is the arrangement of an axoneme
9+2
85
What is an axoneme anchored by
The basal body, which has a 9+0
86
What would a slower moving cell use for movement
Steady actin myosin system
87
What would a fast moving cell move
Ameboid movement | Chemotaxis, lamellopodium, cytoskeleton anchoring and movement, plasma membrane recycling
88
What is chemotaxis
Reception of an attractant molecule, causing cell to synthesize cytoskeleton in that direction
89
How is a lamellopodium
Actin pulled into the area by myosin and more membrane is added to the growing side
90
What is diapedesis
Defender cell departs from the bloodstream
91
What is katagener syndrome a disease of
Disease of the cytoskeleton | No axonemal function, so cilia and flagella fail.
92
How many membranes make up the nucleus
2, inner and outer
93
What ais the INM connected to
Intermediate microfilaments, called the nuclear laminate, providing support for the nuclear envelope and chromatin
94
What is the ONM continuous with
The rough er, there may be ribosomes here that create proteins destined for the nuclea envelope or the perk nuclear space
95
What is are between the INM and ONM called
The peri nuclear space, often continuous with the rough ER cisternae
96
How is nuclear pore number and cell activity linked
The more transcriptionally active, the more nuclear pores
97
What is the nuclear matrix
Web of proteins that provide nuclear shape, likely serving as scaffolding for DNA transcription
98
What are the functions of histones
Wind of DNA and form nucleosomes
99
What is euchromatin
Dispersed and transcriptionally active DNA, cannot be seen in microscope
100
What is heterochromatin
Highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive DNA
101
Where is heterochromatin usually located
Periphery of nucleus but not covering pores
102
What is the difference between constitutive and facultative heterochromatin
Constitutive: always condensed ie never used Facultative: can be dispersed for use as needed
103
What is the nucleolus made of
Special kind of chromatin | There may be more than one nucleolus depending on how transcriptionally active a cell is
104
What is the more precise process of cellular division
Karyokinesis | Cytokinesis is somewhat haphazard
105
When does the cell cycle begin, and when does it end
Starts: when cell is born Ends: the moment it divides into daughter cells
106
What proteins control the cell cycle
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDK), cyclins, and mitogens
107
What does interphase consist of
G1, S, and G2 phases
108
Which phase does the cell spend most of its life in
G1, can be referred to as G0 phase is the cell will never divide
109
What occurs in G1 phase
Cellular growth
110
What occurs in S phase
DNA synthesis, and duplication phase
111
What occurs in G2 phase
Another round of cellular growth in preparation for division, much shorter than G1 phase
112
What is the slowest phase of M phase
Prophase
113
How are the sister chromatids held together
2 protein kinetechore
114
What are the three kinds of microtubules of the spindle apparatus
Astral Kinetochore Polar
115
How do the astral microtubules function
Spray out from the centrosome, to anchor the spindle
116
What is the function of the kinetochore microtubules
Connect centrosome to kinetochore, pulling chromatids apart
117
What is the function of the polar microtubules
From centrosome to centrosome, pushing each other apart
118
What might late metaphase be referred to as
Pro metaphase
119
During which phase do the spindles connect to the kinetochore
Metaphase
120
What occurs following telophase
``` Chromosome disappears Nuclear envelope reforms Nucleolus reforms Mitotic spindle disassembles CYTOKINESIS ```
121
How cancer cells develop
By escaping the tightly regulated cell cycle, growing in absence of stimulation
122
What is the mitotic index of a normal cell
.05 (5%)
123
What is the mitotic index of a cancer cell
.1-.2 (10-20%)
124
What are some characteristics of cancer cells
Lacking contact inhibition Large nuclei High mitotic index
125
What are the genes that directly promote or inhibit cell division
Tumor suppressor genes | Oncogenes
126
What are the symptoms of Burkitss Lymphoma
Cancer of lymph nodes, that rapidly spreads to nervous system blood and bone marrow Lab finding: chromosomal translocations
127
What are the causes of Burkitts lymphoma
Translocation a of chromosome 8 and 14 causing myc oncogene to be stimulated when b lymphocytes are stimulated in response to infection.
128
What is Burkitts lymphoma a disease of
The nucleus- it's a corruption of the DNA specifically

Cell Biology (1 decks)

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