Exam 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Capacity and Duration of Sensory Memory.
Capacity and duration of sensory memory typically lasts for a few seconds typically 1-5
Differentiate between perception and attention.
Attention; a mental resource that is selective, shiftable, and limited. needed to create memories.
Preception; making sense of sensory registrations in our long term memory. Preception needed o make sense of memories.
What are the different kinds of sensory memory?
Echoic, Iconic, and Haptic memory.
In Sperlings experiment on sensory memory why did he use a partial report?
This was done in order to get a better sample of the participants true span of iconic memory instead of what they could remember of the entire matrix.
Define attention.
Attention is a limited mental resource that is selective and shiftable but cannot process everything that it receives at once.
Results of divided attention studies.
Results have found that when attention is divided they key information is what is picked up. We also pick up the gross charicteristics when listening to two different things in each ear at the same time.
what is shadowing?
when subjects of an experiment repeat verbally what they had just heard either immediatly or with some delay.
What are the two different theories of attention? and how do they differentiate?
Broadbent’s filter model; believed that people would hear the meaningful message with out noticing. We filter through the important things.
Triesman’s attention model; Triesman believed that we do not filter out completely but we attenuate and only somethings break into our consciousness.
Attention studies with LD children.
Children with learning disabilities pay just as much attention as people without but they have a more difficult time recalling information.
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
This is our ability to shift our attention quickly when we hear something we believe to be important. like math class when the teacher says add them and you are not paying attention.
Controlled processes VS. Automatic processes.
Controlled processes; Processes or tasks that we need to focus on 100% like when first learning to drive it is difficult to eat or talk on the phone at the same time.
Automatic Processes; Processes or tasks that we have completed so much that we can do them without using 100% of our attention. Such as driving after doing it for many years you can easily eat or talk on the phone while doing it. Riding a bike for another example.
What is pattern recognition?
when we recognize stimulus’ that occur in patterns which does cause us to mis interpret stimuli or believe that we know a stimuli when we have never seen it before.
what are and differentiate between the three pattern recognition models.
I. Template matching model- Doesnt always work sometimes we recognize things that we have never seen before.
II. Feature Analysis model- Letters register in similar ways but thanks to phonemes we can register them differently and makes them easy to recognize differently.
III. Structural model- Face preception- a special case of perception that is done differently than objects. we recognize faces wholistically so it is hard to tell if the bottoms or tops of faces are different when presented with multiple side by side.
Explain top down vs. bottom up perception.
Top Down- the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole. Expectation driven. EX. Understanding the gist of a paragraph due to knowing some of the words that are in the paragraph. We assume we know the gist based on our expectations of how those words have been used in the past.
Bottom Up- The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception. Stimulus driven. starts out as a stimulus but is the translated from the raw data into a perceived thought.
What was found int the face recognition study with credit cards.
It was found that most times even when the subjects were warned about the study they still denied cards that had the same picture as the persons face. Some rejected when facial features were changed and some were still accepted when the face on the card was completely different than that of the person using the card.
What is change blindness and phoneme restoration?
Change blindness is when people do not notice subtle changes that take place in the background of photos or movies or real life these are not noticed as long as they fit the correct context. EX. film clip with over thirty changes i only noticed three.
Phoneme restoration effect- speech perception relies on context. people do not recognize legi*lators until they are given a context. W/O a context recognition drops by about half. Context helps with segmentation any time this occurs it is top down processing.
Gestalts principles of recognition
- Figure Ground distinction- when we see two things one of them will pop and be the figure that we see the other will become the ground and only be seen as part of the image. The young or old lady picture.
- Proximity- Similar things and things that are in proximity get grouped together. they are close so we see them together.
- Similarity- We group things that are similar together
- Closure- we tend to overlook incomplete things
- Continuity- lines that are not continuous we follow we like to continue things. If a line is missing a segment we tend to complete it in our mind.
Perception based representations?
A picture having an image of it or reading a sentence and having words of the sentence. EX. Learning words to a song is perception based.
Meaning based perception?
we know the meaning of the sentence or the picture so we know what it means rather than having visual knowledge of it.
what were the procedure and the results of Santas experiment to test dual code theory?
Santa wanted to test linear or spacial representations. he then gave people different sequences of shapes and messed with their order. Santa found that we have two different representations it comes to shapes vs words. which means that we have visual and verbal modality.
Define and identify what tasks used mental chronometry.
Mental chronometry is the use of reaction time in studies of perceptual mental tasks. the study of processing speeds. Tasks such as Paper folding, image scanning, athletes, and many more.
what are the main results found in paper folding and rotation experiments?
The amount of folds and rotations needed in order to complete the tasks’ are directly correlated with the amount of folds or rotations that are needed to complete the task.
What studies tested whether our imagery is visual or spatial?
Santa’s and Pavio’s.
semantic vs. episodic distinction.
Episodic memory is associated with times places and emotions.
Semantic memory is general knowledge and is knowledge based.
