Exam 2 Flashcards
Define failure to thrive
A condition, usually due to inadequate nutrition, in which a child’s growth falters and weight gain is not as rapid as other children.
Define sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Define perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Define interoceptor
a sensory receptor that detects stimulus within the body. For example, vestibular system that can detect your position in space.
Define exteroceptor
a sensory receptor that receives external stimuli, such as your haptic sensory system for feeling things.
Define cross modal perception
the ability to transfer information about an object from 1 sense, such as vision, and use it when encounter the object later using a different sense, touch.
Imagine seeing and feeling flowing water.
Define a modal perception
involves perceiving a match between two sensory modalities. Can be inferred as transferring of information.
Define sensory integration dysfunction
when it is hard to distinguish/make sense of stimuli without appropriate input.
Define cephalocaudal motor development
trend of infants learning to use their upper limbs before their lower limbs.
Define proximodistal motor development
development of motor skills from the center of the body outwards.
Define scheme
Piaget’s term for actions used to explore and interact with the physical environment.
Define a not b error
Piaget’s term for the tendency, first seen around 8 months of age, for infants to search for objects at locations from which they previously successfully retrieved objects, even though they saw the object being hidden at a different location.
Define violation of expectation method
a method in which infants are shown possible and impossible events in order to test their understanding of physical phenomena and object properties.
Define guided participation
patterns of social interaction and structure activity during joint problem solving involving people with different levels of skills and knowledge
Define joint attention
shared perceptual exploration during social interactions in which gaze alternatives between some aspect of the environment and another person involved in the interaction.
Define scaffolding
the process through which more capable individuals structure task to boost less capable individual’s performance.
Define the zone of proximal development
vygotski’s term for the distance between a child’s ability to solve a problem alone and how much better the child can solve the problem when guided or assisted by a more capable individual.
Define recognition memory
the ability to remember a previously printed stimulus or event when it is presented at a later time.
Define vocabulary spurt
word explosion between 18 - 24 months, which will include fast-mapping. Fast mapping is the babies’ ability to learn a lot of new things quickly. The majority of the babies’ new vocabulary consists of object words (nouns) and action words (verbs).
Define over-extension
a common error in which children apply grammatical morphemes to words for which a language makes an exception to the rule.
Doggie represents all 4-legged animal
Define underextension
an error in which children apply a word only to a specific instance or fail to use it to refer to other regents for which the word would be correct.
Dog means my dog, but no other dog
Define telegraphic speech
early 2-word/multiword utterances that sounds like telegrams, because they lack grammatical markers and extra words, such as articles, plural endings, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs.
Define holophrase
Infant’s first 1-word utterances that name objects, but also communicate other meanings.
dada- I want daddy
Define receptive language
is the ability to listen and understand language.
Define expressive language
is the ability to communicate with others using language.
Define infant directed speech
modifications that adults make when speaking (or singing) to infants, producing language that is shorter, more repetitive, higher pitched, more variable in pitch, and less semantically, and grammatically complex than language addressed to adult.
Describe brain organization, the function of the major areas of the brain, and how environment influences brain development.
the brain is organized into 3 parts; brainstem/hind brain - blood pressure, body temp, heart rate. Midbrain- communicate between hindbrains and forebrain - aruousal, appetite, satiety, sleep. Forebrain - limbic thalamus.
experience-expectant - the brain is ready to receive the appropriate signals from the environment, such as the visual cortex expects visual stimulation
experience-dependent - parts of the brain are reinforced through experience and will produce individualistic factors
Name the four lobes of the brain.
frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal
describe how different kinds of stress during infancy influences brain development.
stress caused by neglect, medical neglect, physical abuse, sexual base, or psychological maltreatment can have profounding effect on brain development, such that it can cause delays and abnormalities in cognitive, emotional, social and physical development.
