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Anth 112 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

define self-awareness, and at what age do humans gain this?

A
  • ability to identify oneself as an individual, to reflect on oneself, and to evaluate oneself
  • 2 years old
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2
Q

what is the Aymara Indians of Bolivia’s perspective of naming a child?

A

as a child is not yet a human, it does not get given a human name until it can prove that it is human when it begins to talk, around the age of 2. afterwards a naming ceremony is given and the child is welcomed to the community

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3
Q

what is the method of Icelanders for naming a child?

A

the child of Sven Olafsen becomes ___ Svensen (son) or ____ Svendottir

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4
Q

cultural evolution

A

cultural change over time- not to be confused with progress

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5
Q

convergent vs parallel evolution

A

the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by:
C; different peoples with different ancestral cultures
P: peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike

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6
Q

food foraging

A

a mode of subsistence involving some combination of hunting, fishing, and gathering of wild plant foods.

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7
Q

Name the characteristics of food foraging:

A
  • Mobility
  • Small group size
  • flexible division of labor by gender
  • food sharing
  • egalitarian social relations
  • communal property
  • rarity of warfare
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8
Q

what is cultural adaptation?

A

the complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive in certain environment and turn to impact the environment.

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9
Q

What are the major subsistence strategies ad the characteristics of the societies that practice them?

A
  • food foraging: move according to changing food sources. small groups. egalitarism
  • horticulture: cultivation of crops in gardens using simple hand tools. slash and burn.
  • agriculture: involves growing crops on farms with irrigation, fertilizers, and/or animal -powered lows.
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10
Q

what was the shift from food foraging to food production called?

A

Neolithic revolution

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11
Q

slash and burn

A

natural vegetation is cut, the slash is burned, and crops are planted among the ashes.

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12
Q

what is the difference between horticulture and intensive agriculture?

A

Hort: gardiners, simple hand tools, o irrigation/plough, extensive land use, shifting cultivation,, slash and burn cultivation, swidden
Int. Agri: modify landscape and alter the ecology, irrigation/plough

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13
Q

what is an ecological example of altered landscape for intensive agriculture?

A
  • chiivampa: floating gardens
  • aztek:mexico
  • aymara:bolivia
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14
Q

transhumance

A

men move with livestock

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15
Q

nomadic:

A

no settlement

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16
Q

what type of subsistence strategies do the Hadza have?

A

food foragers

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17
Q

Pastoralists

A

a subsistence mode that relies on breeding and managing large herds of domesticated herbivores, such as cattle, sheep, etc. usually nomadic.

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18
Q

How do a society’s childrearing practices and concepts of sex and gender influence a person’s behaviour, personality and identity?

A

Gender behaviors and relations are malleable and vary cross-culturally. some cultures have equal male=female relations, in others, male-female relations are based on inequality and are marked by different standards of expected behaviour.

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19
Q

what does dependence-training imply?

A

compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself.

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20
Q

what does independence training imply?

A

typical of societies characterized by small, independent families put a premium on self-reliance, independence and personal achievement

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21
Q

what determines cultural norms, and is there such a thing as a group personality or national character?

A

the modal personality of a group is the body of character traits tat occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population. childrearing practices and education shape national characteristics.

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22
Q

what is defined as normal behaviour in a culture?

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A

it is determined by the culture itself; what may be accepted or even admired in one culture may not be so in another culture.

23
Q

What is an economic system?

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A

an organized arrangement for producing, distributing, and consuming goods.

24
Q

what determines the territory of a food-foraging society?

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A

ore features of the region. this provides flexibility because the size of a group and its territories can be adjusted according to the availability of resources in any particular place.

25
who is he technology of a people related to their mode of subsistence?
all societies have some means of creating and allocating the tools used to produce food. (intensive agriculture/horticulture/foraging)
26
What are the three ways that food is distributed?
- reciprocity - redistribution - market exchange
27
Reciprocity: definition, and the three forms.
the exchange of goods and services of roughly equal value. - generalized (value is not calculated, nor the time of repayment specified) - balanced (in which one has an obligation to reciprocate promptly) - negative (in which the aim is t get something or as little as possible)
28
what is a classic ethnographic example of balanced reciprocity?
Kula ring among islanders of the southwestern Pacific Ocean. they involve both balanced reciprocity and sharp trading
29
Trade def
transaction in which two or more people are involved in a n exchange of something for something else of equal value.
30
Barter def
a form of trade in which no money is involved, and the parties negotiate a direct exchange of only one trade good for another. *may be a form on negative reciprocity*
31
redistribution def
requires a strong, centralized political organization. A government assess a tax or tribute on each citizen to support its activities, leaders, and religious elite and then redistributes the rest, usually in the form of public services ie: tax collection and delivery of government services and subsidies.
32
conspicuous consumption def
a motivating force in societies that produce a surplus of goods. The prestige comes from publicly giving away one's valuables, ass in the potlatch ceremony.
33
Kinship def:
a network of relatives into which individuals are born and married, and with whom they cooperate based on customarily prescribed rights and obligations
34
what is the importance of kin-groups in non-industrialized societies?
they faced challenges that families and households cannot handle alone, such as defense, resource allocation, and the need for cooperative labor.
35
what is a descent group?
any kin-group whose members share a direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor.
36
Unilineal descent
establishes kin-group membership exclusively through the male or female line
37
patrilineal/matrilineal descent
pat: traced through the male line mat: traced through the female line * mat does not automatically confer gender authority
38
when does patrilineal descent usually predominates?
when male labor is considered of prime importance, as it is among pastoralists and agriculturalists.
39
when does matrilineal descent usually predominate?
mainly among horticulturalists when female work in subsistence is especially important
40
double descent
a rare system in which descent is matrilineal for some purpose and patrilineal for others
41
ambilineal descent
provides a measure of flexibility in that an individual has the option of affiliating with either the mother's or father's descent group
42
bilateral descent
descent deriving from both the bother's and father's families equally
43
exogamous
members must marry outside the lineage | -serves to maintain open communication within a society and fosters the exchange of information among lineages
44
kindred
a small circle of paternal and maternal relatives | -predominate in societies where nuclear families are common
45
kinship terminology
reveal the structure of kinship groups, the importance of certain relationships, and prevailing attitudes about specific kin.
46
kin merged under the same term have:
the basic rights and obligations with respect to the person referring to them as such
47
Hawaiian system
simplest: | all relatives of the same generation and gender referred to by the same term
48
Eskimo system
used by English speaking north Americans and many others: emphasizes the nuclear family and merges all other relatives in a given generation into a few large, generally undifferentiated categories
49
Iroquois system
a single term is used for a father and his brother and another for a mother and her sister. Parallel cousins are equated with bothers and sisters but distinguished from cross cousins.
50
name some instances that challenge traditional notions of kinship and gender ad create new social categories
- new reproductive technologies separating conception from sexual intercourse and eggs from wombs. - adoption - godparenting
51
What are the four types of sex?
Phenotype (appearance) Psychological (feel like) Gonadal (gonads) Chromosomal (combo of x, y chromosomes)
52
Caster Semenya
Woman athlete with male gonads in abdomen
53
Define Two Spirit
like intersex. you have male spirit and female spirit. | First Nations idea
54
intersex
in humans and other animals, is a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female

Anth 112 (3 decks)

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