Exam #2

Question 1

Piaget’s Cognitive Stages

Answer 1

preoperational thought, egocentrism, animism

Question 2

object permanence

Answer 2

things still exist even though you are not able to see them

Question 3

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Answer 3

initiative vs guilt; motor, cognitive, fantasy, imaginative and language activities; mastery in these areas help them feel competent

Question 4

Ethnocentrism

Answer 4

belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group

Question 5

Prejudice

Answer 5

generalized negative attitude towards a group

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

acting on the prejudice

Question 7

Individual Racism

Answer 7

acts of prejudice, ignorance and hatred

Question 8

Institutional Racism

Answer 8

policy, practice and laws

Question 9

Theories of Prejudice

Answer 9

frustration aggression theory- personal unfulfillment are scapegoated to weaker groups
authoritarianism- people who discriminate have a certain personality type, strict rigid and intolerant

Question 10

Different temperaments of babies

Answer 10

EASY- happy baby, normal sleeping cycle, and calm
SLOW TO WARM UP- very few intense reactions, low activity level, very “boring” babies
DIFFICULT- bad mood, intense reactions, irregular pattern of sleeping and eating, and has difficulty adjusting

Question 11

Attachment Theories

Answer 11

Bowlby’s attachment theory- the monkeys (mom is not just food but she gives nurturing and soothing vibes to the baby)

Question 12

Types of Attachment (Ainsworth)

Answer 12

SECURE- baby will explore the room, goes to mom then plays with toys, mom leaves, the baby cries until mom comes back
ANXIOUS- the same but when mom comes back the baby does not stop crying, because it is unsure that the mom will stay or leave again
AVOIDANT- baby does not care if the mom is there or not

Question 13

Attachment Problems

Answer 13

SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER- the baby never gets over mom leaving (7 yr old crying when mom drops him off)
REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER- inhibited (emotionally withdrawn, does not seek comfort, does not want to be touched); disinhibited (too friendly, poor boundaries, extremely personal)

Question 14

Failure to Thrive

Answer 14

when children do not gain as much weight as normal children their age; not growing

Question 15

Telegraphic Communication

Answer 15

(18-24 months) the baby may be able to put a couple words together

Question 16

Holophrastic Communication

Answer 16

(10-18 months) one word will have many different meanings (baba: milk, blanket, binkie, and mommy)

Question 17

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 17

(7-12 months) if the baby does not recognize the person that mom is handing them to, they will start to cry

Question 18

Separation Anxiety

Answer 18

(18-20 months) mom leaves and the baby starts crying

Question 19

Growth Retardation

Answer 19

the baby is not growing in the mother’s stomach

Question 20

Meconium

Answer 20

the first bowel movement (the risk is in 41-42 weeks)

Question 21

Rh incompatibility

Answer 21

the mother’s immune system may form antibodies to fight off the baby

Question 22

Folic Acid

Answer 22

a vitamin and mineral found in vegetables that allow babies to grow

Question 23

Best Age for Pregnancy

Answer 23

20’s and younger 30’s

Question 24

Pregnancy Complications

Answer 24

• vaginal bleeding
• toxemia (high protein)
• eclampsia (the baby makes mom sick)
• fetal growth retardation (the baby isn’t growing)
• low amniotic fluid
• multiple gestation (twins or triplets)
• maternal nutrition ( eating healthy)

Question 25

Gestation Time

Answer 25

from conception to birth

Question 26

What problems does maternal stress cause on the pregnancy and the baby?

Answer 26

low birth weight, premature infants, low blood flow to the uterus,

Question 27

What substances cause mental retardation?

Answer 27

alcohol and seizure medication

Question 28

How does STD's during the pregnancy affect the fetus?

Answer 28

the baby could be born HIV positive or it could be born with Gonorrhea.

Question 29

What is APGAR?

Answer 29

it is the criteria for determining if the baby is healthy or not right after birth (skin color, heart rate, response to stimuli, muscle tone and breathing)

Question 30

What do the ratings determine for the baby?

Answer 30

the ratings determine whether the baby needs to be looked at or needs the NICU.

Question 31

What are the stages of labor?

Answer 31

1. ephasement- contractions begin 2. 10 centimeter dilation; ready to give birth 3. delivery of placenta (after birth of baby) 4. Recovery (C-section or normal birth)

Question 32

What is considered a zygote, embryo and a fetus?

Answer 32

ZYGOTE- germinal period (the first 2 weeks) EMBRYO- 2 to 8 weeks into the pregnancy (this is when you can actually detect the pregnancy in the blood) FETUS- 8 to 40 weeks