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Psyc 305 > Exam 2 305 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 305 study guide Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of memory in the modal model of memory?

A

Sensory memory: initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds of fraction of a second
Short term: holds five to seven items for about 15-20 seconds
Long term: can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.

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3
Q

What is the control process?

A

the active processes that can be controlled by the person

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4
Q

What is the persistence of vision?

A

retention of the perception of light.
trial of light from a moving sparkler or frames in a film

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of report methods?

A

Whole report method: participants asked to report as many as could be seen
Partial report method: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
Delayed partial report method: presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

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6
Q

Iconic vs echoic

A

Icon: brief sensory memory of the things that we see
Echo: brief memory of the things we hear

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7
Q

What is a digit span vs Chunking?

A

Digit span is how many digits a person can remember
Chunking is creating small units that can be combined into larger meaningful units

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8
Q

What is the working memory?

A

Limit capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning

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9
Q

Braddeley’s Working memory model?

A

Phonological loop: verbal and auditory info
Central executive
Visuospatial sketch pad: visual and spatial information

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10
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

backup store that communicates with long term and working memory components

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11
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information.

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12
Q

What are the neuron roles in working memory?

A

Neurons responds when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay. Information is still available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing.

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13
Q

Activity silent working memory?

A

Activity state: information to be remembered causes neurons to fire
Synaptic state: neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened.

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14
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Archive of information about past even and knowledge
Works closely with working memory
from few moments ago to as far back as one can remember

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15
Q

What is serial position?

A
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16
Q

Primacy vs Recency effect?

A

Primacy: memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning
Recency: memory is better for stimuli presented at the end of a list

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17
Q

What is encoded in long term memory?

A

Visual, auditory, and semantic

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18
Q

What is recognition memory?

A

identification of a previously encountered stimulus

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19
Q

HM

A

Surgery removed hippocampus
retained STM but unable to transfer to LTM

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20
Q

KF

A

accident damage parietal lobe
impaired STM but functional LTM

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21
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

tied to personal experiences

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22
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

it is general knowledge and facts

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23
Q

KC

A

damaged hippocampus
no episodic but semantic intact

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24
Q

Italian woman

A

impaired semantic but episodic good

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25
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

specific experiences included semantic and episodic

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26
Q

personal semantic memory

A

semantic memories that have personal significance

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27
Q

familiarity

A

semantic memory

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28
Q

recollection

A

episodic memory

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29
Q

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

A

Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events
Helps us to anticipate future needs and guide future behaviors
Adaptive function similar to mind wandering

30
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

occurs when learning from experience is no accompanied by conscious remembering

31
Q

procedural memory

A

skill memory, do not really have memory of when or where you learned it.

32
Q

What is priming?

A

Presentation of priming stimulus changes a person’s response to a test stimulus

33
Q

what is explicit memory?

A

conscious memory

34
Q

What is the propaganda effect?

A

more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true

35
Q

What type of memory is involved in classical conditioning?

A

involves the implicit memory

36
Q

What is encoding?

A

Encoding is acquiring information and transforming it into memory

37
Q

What is retrieval?

A

Retrieval is transferring information from long term memory to working memory

38
Q

What is Maintenance vs Elaborative rehersal?

A

Maintenance rehearsal is repetition of stimuli that maintains information but does not transfer it to long term memory.
Elaborative rehearsal is using meaning and connections to help transfer information to LTM

39
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

little attention to meaning
focus on physical features
poor memory

40
Q

What is deep processing?

A

close attention to meaning
better memory

41
Q

What are the factors that aid encoding?

A

visual imagery
self reference effect
generation effect
organizing to be remembered information
relating words to survival value
retrieval practice

42
Q

Bransford and Johnson study?

A

Presented difficult-to-comprehend information
Experimental Group 1 saw picture that helped explain the information before reading it
Experimental Group 2 saw picture after reading the passage
Control Group did not see the picture
Group 1 outperformed the others
Having a mental framework of comprehension aided memory encoding and retrieval

43
Q

What is cue recall?

A

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases,
to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.

44
Q

What is encoding specificity?

A

we learn information together with its context

45
Q

What is state dependent learning?

A

learning is associated with a particular internal state

46
Q

What is transfer appropriate processing?

A

memory tasks results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval

47
Q

Consolidation?

A

transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state

48
Q

synaptic vs systems consolidation?

A

Synaptic: rapid, occurs at synapses
systems: gradual, reorganization of neural circuits

49
Q

Long term potentiation?

A

enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation
structural changes and enhances responding

50
Q

what are the types of amnesia?

A

Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events prior to the trauma
graded: memory for recent events is more fragile than for remotes events
anterograde amnesia s for events that occur after an injury, inability to form new memories.

51
Q

Standard model of consolidation vs multiple trace model

A

Multiple trace model: hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories

52
Q

What is reconsolidation?

A

retrieving memories become fragile and are consolidated again

53
Q

Studying techniques

A

elaborate
generate questions and self test
take breaks
avoid the illusion of learning

54
Q

Autobiographical memory: Greenberg and rubin

A

patients who cannot recognize objects also experience loss of autobiographical memory
visual experience plays a role in forming and retrieving AutoM

55
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A

Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood.

56
Q

Self image hypothesis vs Cognitive hypothesis

A

Self image: memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self image or life identity is being formed

Cognitive: encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.

57
Q

What are flashbulb memories

A

Memories for the circumstances surrounding shocking , highly charges important events
-covid
-9/11
-Kobe death

58
Q

The constructive nature of memory?

A

Memory = what happens + person’s knowledge, experiences, and expectations

59
Q

source monitoring

A

Source memory: process of determining origins of our memories
Error: misidentifying source of memory.

60
Q

What is cryptomnesia

A

unconscious plagiarism of another’s work due to a lack of recognition of its original source

61
Q

What is the illusory truth effect

A

enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation.

62
Q

What are pragmatic inferences

A

based on knowledge gained through experience

63
Q

Schema vs Script

A

Schema: knowledge about some aspect of the environment
Script: conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience.

64
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of memories?

A

Advantages: Allows us to fill in the blanks, understand language, solve problems, make decisions.
Disadvantages: errors, we misattribute the source of info

65
Q

What is the misinformation effect

A

misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event.

66
Q

The car crash effect

A
67
Q

What is the source monitoring error

A

failure to distinguish the source of the information

68
Q

What are false memories?

A

they are essentially you making a memory based on what the people around you are telling you.

69
Q

What are some errors in eyewitness testimony

A

attention and arousal
familiarity
suggestion
confidence

70
Q

What are some strategies to improve eyewitness testimony?

A

inform the witness that perpetrator might not be in the lineup
use fillers in lineup
use sequential presentation
free recall
improve interviewing techniques.

Psyc 305 (2 decks)

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