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Psyc 305 > Exam 2 305 study guide > Flashcards

Exam 2 305 study guide Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is the processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of memory in the modal model of memory?

A

Sensory memory: initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds of fraction of a second
Short term: holds five to seven items for about 15-20 seconds
Long term: can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.

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3
Q

What is the control process?

A

the active processes that can be controlled by the person

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4
Q

What is the persistence of vision?

A

retention of the perception of light.
trial of light from a moving sparkler or frames in a film

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of report methods?

A

Whole report method: participants asked to report as many as could be seen
Partial report method: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report
Delayed partial report method: presentation of tone delayed for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguished

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6
Q

Iconic vs echoic

A

Icon: brief sensory memory of the things that we see
Echo: brief memory of the things we hear

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7
Q

What is a digit span vs Chunking?

A

Digit span is how many digits a person can remember
Chunking is creating small units that can be combined into larger meaningful units

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8
Q

What is the working memory?

A

Limit capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoning

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9
Q

Braddeley’s Working memory model?

A

Phonological loop: verbal and auditory info
Central executive
Visuospatial sketch pad: visual and spatial information

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10
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

backup store that communicates with long term and working memory components

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11
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

The prefrontal cortex is responsible for processing incoming visual and auditory information.

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12
Q

What are the neuron roles in working memory?

A

Neurons responds when stimulus was flashed in a particular location and during delay. Information is still available via these neurons for as long as they continue firing.

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13
Q

Activity silent working memory?

A

Activity state: information to be remembered causes neurons to fire
Synaptic state: neuron firing stops, but connections between neurons are strengthened.

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14
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Archive of information about past even and knowledge
Works closely with working memory
from few moments ago to as far back as one can remember

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15
Q

What is serial position?

A
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16
Q

Primacy vs Recency effect?

A

Primacy: memory is better for stimuli presented at the beginning
Recency: memory is better for stimuli presented at the end of a list

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17
Q

What is encoded in long term memory?

A

Visual, auditory, and semantic

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18
Q

What is recognition memory?

A

identification of a previously encountered stimulus

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19
Q

HM

A

Surgery removed hippocampus
retained STM but unable to transfer to LTM

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20
Q

KF

A

accident damage parietal lobe
impaired STM but functional LTM

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21
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

tied to personal experiences

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22
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

it is general knowledge and facts

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23
Q

KC

A

damaged hippocampus
no episodic but semantic intact

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24
Q

Italian woman

A

impaired semantic but episodic good

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25
Autobiographical memory
specific experiences included semantic and episodic
26
personal semantic memory
semantic memories that have personal significance
27
familiarity
semantic memory
28
recollection
episodic memory
29
Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis
Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events Helps us to anticipate future needs and guide future behaviors Adaptive function similar to mind wandering
30
What is implicit memory?
occurs when learning from experience is no accompanied by conscious remembering
31
procedural memory
skill memory, do not really have memory of when or where you learned it.
32
What is priming?
Presentation of priming stimulus changes a person's response to a test stimulus
33
what is explicit memory?
conscious memory
34
What is the propaganda effect?
more likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
35
What type of memory is involved in classical conditioning?
involves the implicit memory
36
What is encoding?
Encoding is acquiring information and transforming it into memory
37
What is retrieval?
Retrieval is transferring information from long term memory to working memory
38
What is Maintenance vs Elaborative rehersal?
Maintenance rehearsal is repetition of stimuli that maintains information but does not transfer it to long term memory. Elaborative rehearsal is using meaning and connections to help transfer information to LTM
39
What is shallow processing?
little attention to meaning focus on physical features poor memory
40
What is deep processing?
close attention to meaning better memory
41
What are the factors that aid encoding?
visual imagery self reference effect generation effect organizing to be remembered information relating words to survival value retrieval practice
42
Bransford and Johnson study?
Presented difficult-to-comprehend information Experimental Group 1 saw picture that helped explain the information before reading it Experimental Group 2 saw picture after reading the passage Control Group did not see the picture Group 1 outperformed the others Having a mental framework of comprehension aided memory encoding and retrieval
43
What is cue recall?
A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli.
44
What is encoding specificity?
we learn information together with its context
45
What is state dependent learning?
learning is associated with a particular internal state
46
What is transfer appropriate processing?
memory tasks results improve if the type of processing used during encoding is the same as the type during retrieval
47
Consolidation?
transforms new memories from fragile state to more permanent state
48
synaptic vs systems consolidation?
Synaptic: rapid, occurs at synapses systems: gradual, reorganization of neural circuits
49
Long term potentiation?
enhanced firing of neurons after repeated stimulation structural changes and enhances responding
50
what are the types of amnesia?
Retrograde amnesia: loss of memory for events prior to the trauma graded: memory for recent events is more fragile than for remotes events anterograde amnesia s for events that occur after an injury, inability to form new memories.
51
Standard model of consolidation vs multiple trace model
Multiple trace model: hippocampus is activated during retrieval of both recent and remote memories
52
What is reconsolidation?
retrieving memories become fragile and are consolidated again
53
Studying techniques
elaborate generate questions and self test take breaks avoid the illusion of learning
54
Autobiographical memory: Greenberg and rubin
patients who cannot recognize objects also experience loss of autobiographical memory visual experience plays a role in forming and retrieving AutoM
55
What is the reminiscence bump?
Memory is high for recent events and for events that occurred in adolescence and early adulthood.
56
Self image hypothesis vs Cognitive hypothesis
Self image: memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self image or life identity is being formed Cognitive: encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.
57
What are flashbulb memories
Memories for the circumstances surrounding shocking , highly charges important events -covid -9/11 -Kobe death
58
The constructive nature of memory?
Memory = what happens + person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations
59
source monitoring
Source memory: process of determining origins of our memories Error: misidentifying source of memory.
60
What is cryptomnesia
unconscious plagiarism of another's work due to a lack of recognition of its original source
61
What is the illusory truth effect
enhanced probability of evaluating a statement is true after repeated presentation.
62
What are pragmatic inferences
based on knowledge gained through experience
63
Schema vs Script
Schema: knowledge about some aspect of the environment Script: conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience.
64
What are the advantages and disadvantages of memories?
Advantages: Allows us to fill in the blanks, understand language, solve problems, make decisions. Disadvantages: errors, we misattribute the source of info
65
What is the misinformation effect
misleading information presented after someone witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event.
66
The car crash effect
67
What is the source monitoring error
failure to distinguish the source of the information
68
What are false memories?
they are essentially you making a memory based on what the people around you are telling you.
69
What are some errors in eyewitness testimony
attention and arousal familiarity suggestion confidence
70
What are some strategies to improve eyewitness testimony?
inform the witness that perpetrator might not be in the lineup use fillers in lineup use sequential presentation free recall improve interviewing techniques.

Psyc 305 (2 decks)

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