Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a synapse?
A
A “connection between neurons”
2
Q
What is pruning? When/how does it occur?
A
“the process of eliminating unused synapses.”
Unused connections die off
3
Q
Whose brain is more resilient in the face of insult (e.g., malnutrition, head
injury), infants or adults? Why?
A
Infants.
They have more unused synapses than adults.
4
Q
How do synaptogenesis and pruning help explain how infants within more
enriched homes might develop better cognitive skills later?
A
In impoverished homes more synapses maybe unused on average and
therefore die away.
5
Q
What is myelination? What nerves myelinate first/earlier?
A
“a process in neuronal development in which sheaths made of a
substance called myelin gradually cover individual axons and electrically
insulate them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve”
follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal development. Parts of brain
related to head movement myelinate sooner than those related to lower
limbs.
6
Q
How much television does the American Academy of Pediatrics suggest
children under the age of two watch per week? Describe Dimitri Christakis’
study that this recommendation is based on.
A
None. Children who watched excessive television in the first three years
more likely to have ADHD in elementary years.
7
Q
Who is more likely to intervene to make their 1-year-old have predictable
sleep patterns, American or European parents?
A
American.
8
Q
Within the first three months of life, does prompt attention to a crying baby
lead to more or less crying by the baby later?
A
Less.
9
Q
What is colic? What causes it?
A
Intense crying for 3 or more hours/day for no apparent reason. Don’t know
why it happens. Usually disappears spontaneously at 3-4 months.
10
Q
Describe the difference between fine and gross motor skills. Do boys and
girls acquire these equally quickly early in life?
A
Fine: use of hands. Bones in wrist appear earlier for girls, giving them an
advantage in fine motor skills.
Gross: movement, such as crawling. Boys more physically active and
acquire gross motor skills more quickly than girls.
11
Q
Describe Wayne Dennis’ study of infants in Iranian orphanages.
A
Babies placed on backs in cribs learned to walk more slowly than those in
less restrictive settings.
12
Q
Which do most developmental psychologists suggest is healthier for
newborns, breast feeding or bottle feeding? Why?
A
Breast feeding.
Meets nutritional needs. Contributes to more rapid weight and size gain.
Infant less likely to have diarrhea, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, ear
infections, colic, and to die
Breast milk also better at supporting immune system functioning
Maybe protects from overweight in later years.
13
Q
What are some reasons some mothers cannot breast feed?
A
Insufficient milk supply, medical conditions that require medication, viruses
(e.g., HIV)
14
Q
What’s the world’s leading cause of death for children under the age of 5?
A
Macronutrient malnutrition (i.e., too few calories)
15
Q
What do most nutritional problems in industrialized countries involve?
A
Micronutrient malnutrition (i.e., not enough vitamins and minerals)
16
Q
Describe the rates of immunization in 1992 vs. 1999. What accounts for
the differences?
A
1992: 55% had full set (i.e., three injections for hepatitis, four for
diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis, three for influenza, three for polio, one for
measles/rubella, one for varicella zoster virus)
1999: 90%
intensive government media campaign
17
Q
How does the U.S. infant mortality rate compare to other industrialized
countries? What accounts for these deaths?
A
Higher than most others.
2/3rds die in the first month due to congenital anomalies or low birth
weight
18
Q
After the first month of life, what causes the death of most infants?
A
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. “a phenomenon in which an apparently
healthy infant dies suddenly and unexpectedly.”
19
Q
What does the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend to help
prevent SIDS?
A
Infants sleep on their backs. After publicized, 12% drop in SIDS.
20
Q
Based on the studies presented in the book, what types of
problems/issues does SIDS seem related to?
A
Respiratory issues. Risk factors: more common in winter when babies
more likely to have viral infections that cause breathing difficulties, infants
with sleep apnea, moms who smoke prenatally
21
Q
What racial/ethnic groups have the highest rates of SIDS in America? Why
doesn’t poverty seem to account for this? What does the book’s authors
suggest might account for this?
A
African American, Native American, Native Hawaiian American.
Because Hispanics almost as likely to be poor, but their SIDS rates are
lower.
Lower rates of alcohol and tobacco use among women born outside of
U.S. may account for this.
Prenatal care. 70% of Native American women and 75% of African
American women receive prenatal care in the first month of pregnancy.
85% of White and 87% of Chinese American do.
22
Q
Which sense seems most well developed at birth?
A
Touch. Many reflexes dependent on touch
23
Q
Describe habituation and dishabituation. How do researchers use these
to assess perceptual acuity?
A
Habituation: “a decline in attention that occurs because a stimulus has
become familiar.”
Dishabituation: “responding to a somewhat familiar stimulus as if it were
new.”
24
Q
Describe Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk’s (1960) “visual cliff” and what
it helped researchers find about infant depth perception.
A
Square box with red and white checkerboard pattern. Plexiglass across
top. Half-way across box, checkerboard pattern drops a foot. When 6
month olds got to this mid-way point, most stopped. Could perceive the
difference.
25
What faces do babies prefer to look at?
Mom’s face and attractive faces.
26
Infants can detect all speech sounds until about what age? What happens
at this point? Is this reversible?
Six months. If sound hasn’t been used in their native language, ability to
discriminate it from others disappears. Vowel discrimination disappears at
6 months and consonant at 12 months.
Yes, it’s reversible. Neuroimaging studies find that children who receive
instruction in new language show more flexibility in these neural networks.
27
Are younger or older infants more able to tell the difference between lemurs?
How do experimenters know?
Younger. When the older babies were shown the new face, they acted as if they
had already seen it. When the younger babies were shown the new face, they
recognized it as a new face and were interested in it.
28
How many more synapses does a baby have compared to an adult?
About one and a half times.
29
Why are younger babies able to tell the differences between lemur faces?
The large number of synapses in their brain.
30
What happens to synapses that the babies do not use?
Pruning. They die off while the ones being used flourish.
31
What are some benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?
Reducing breast cancer and protecting against osteoporosis
32
What are some benefits of breastfeeding for the baby?
Enhancing the immune system and nourishing the brain and body
33
What ethnicity has the lowest rates of breastfeeding? Why?
African-American. Bottle feeding is a culturally based parenting practice for them.
34
What percentage of American babies are breastfed?
50%.
35
Do Americans breastfeed more or less than women in other countries?
Much less
36
What is optimal nutrition for a newborn?
Breast milk exclusively for the first 6 months then with complementary foods until one
year.
37
What does Dr. Sinha say that neuroscientists would say happens if a blind
human eye is fixed after four or five years of age?
Chances of being able to see are slim.
38
What does Dr. Sinha’s research suggest about a critical stage for eye
development?
His kids were able to develop sight after many years of blindness (he
didn’t say how many years, though)
39
What is a baby’s vision at birth like?
Legally blind
40
What is the visually tracking of a child with autism like?
No anticipation of ball. Always follows the ball. Seems ability to
track motion diminished.
41
Describe the purpose and procedure of the Visual Cliff experiment.
It is an experiment designed to test nonverbal cues from mothers and babies.
The visual cliff itself is a table with a checkered pattern on the top half and the
pattern then drops down for the second half creating a visual cliff. There is a solid
surface covering the entire top of the table. There is a toy at the other end of the
table. The babies will try to reach the toy depending on their mother’s facial
responses.
42
What happened when the mother gave a “fear face” or scared reaction?
When the mother gave a scared reaction to the baby crossing the “cliff” the baby
was less likely to cross it to reach the toy.
43
What happened when the mother gave a smile or an expression of
encouragement?
When the mother gave a smile, the baby was more likely to cross the visual cliff
to reach the toy.
44
What do babies typically do when they see something ambiguous?
Babies will generally look to a significant other or caregiver (e.g. mother, father,
grandparents) to see what to do or how to react.
45
When does the brain grow to its full size? When does most of that growth occur?
Within the first 3 years. Within the first 6 months.
46
How are new synaptic connections made?
The brain develops in response to experience and stimulation. When a baby learns a
new skill or knowledge, a new synaptic connection is made.
47
What did Georgette Mulheir find/experience when she first visited orphanages? Why did
the infants and children act that way?
The babies were lying on their backs just staring into space. They were silent and not
moving around much. The infants and children had no experience of crying leading to a
response from others, so they learned to stop crying.
48
What types of behaviors can extreme lack of stimulation lead to?
Self-stimulating behaviors such as hand flapping, rocking back and forth, or aggression.
49
Is it possible for children adopted from orphanages to develop normally?
Yes, if adopted into a loving environment.
50
What does sensorimotor intelligence refer to?
Schemes related to looking, listening, sucking, and grasping.
51
Describe the circular reactions.
Primary: repetitive actions organized around the infant’s body
Secondary: more aware of events outside body and tries to make them
recur
Tertiary: infant tries new ways of playing with or manipulating objects.
52
According to Piaget, when are infants first able to use symbols?
18-24 months
53
What is object permanence? When does it develop?
“the understanding that objects continue to exist when they can’t be seen”
even at 2 months, some evidence of it. If you place a screen in front of an
object, remove the object, and then remove the screen, 2 month olds will
show surprise at this impossible event.
54
What is a delay in object permanence associated with later?
A diagnosis of mental retardation
55
How have researchers since Piaget (e.g., Baillargeon) shown that object
permanence occurs earlier than Piaget thought?
Instead of reaching, grasping, and moving blanket, simply had to watch a
possible and impossible event. 4-month-olds can do this.
56
At what age do infants start “learning.”
1st week of life. Study by Mavis Gunther focused on breast feeding. Infants
whose nostrils were smothered while breast feeding learned to prefer the
other breast. Gunther was able to train mothers to extinguish this
preference. Also (from DeHart), mothers can increase or decreasing
sucking at the nipple by use of her voice.
57
Describe Skinner’s theory of language development. What is a major
critique of his theory?
Starts with babbling. Parents reinforce word-like sounds. Parents also
reinforce grammatical as opposed to nongrammatical use of words.
Observations don't find parents reinforcing babbling as discriminately as
Skinner suggests. All babbling is reinforced.
58
Describe G. J. Whitehurst’s study on dialogic reading.
Half of parents used dialogic reading with 2-year-olds. That is, asking
questions for which children could not point to answer (e.g., “There’s
Eyore. What’s happening to him?”). Other half of parents given no special
instruction. A month later, kids in dialogic reading knew more vocabulary
words.
59
Describe Noam Chomsky’s theory of language.
A “nativist” view. We have a language acquisition device that contains the
basic grammatical structure of all human language. LAD tells infants there
are two types of sounds, consonants and vowels. And, “pay attention to
stressed sounds.”
60
Who initiates the majority of verbal interactions between mother and child?
Child
61
What is infant-directed speech? In what ways does it seem beneficial to
infants?
“the simplified, high-pitched speech used by adults with infants and young
children.”
Infants prefer IDS, even in non-native language. Study showed American
infants preferred IDS not just in English but also Cantonese.
IDS emphasizes unique sounds, such as Spanish rolled r, and therefore
helps infants learn them
High pitch and recasting sentences (i.e., repeating sentences in correct
grammatical form) draws infant attention. Experimental studies show
recasting helps infants and children learn more than simple modeling.
62
Describe how poverty can impact language development.
By age 4, differences in vocabulary substantial and increase through
grade school years.
4-year-old poor kids use shorter and simpler sentences (Snow, 1997)
richness and variety of language heard (e.g., being read to) probably
account for much of these differences
63
What is babbling? When does it occur?
“repetitive vocalizing of consonant-vowel combinations by an infant.”
From 6-12 months constitutes half of infant vocal output
64
Describe receptive and expressive language. When do each appear?
Receptive: “comprehension of spoken language”
Expressive: “the ability to use sounds, signs, or symbols to communicate
meaning.”
Receptive language occurs around 8 months and expressive 12-13
months
65
When does the vocabulary explosion occur?
2nd half of the second year. 16 months: 50 words. 24 months: 320 words.
66
What is telegraphic speech? When does it appear?
“simple two-word sentences that usually include a noun and a verb.”
2nd half of the second year
67
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of growing up bilingual.
Advantages: no impact on early language milestones. Readily discriminate
between languages phonologically and grammatically from earliest days of
life. In early childhood, greater metalinguistic ability. In adulthood
substantial advantages to knowing two languages.
Disadvantages: receptive and expressive language for a single language
smaller than for monolingual, because word understanding split between
two languages. This persists into school. Most do not attain equal fluency
in both languages. If that second language is one that occurs at school, at
risk for learning problems.
68
What percentage of children who talk late will continue to have language
delays after they begin talking?
About half. Those at risk have poor receptive language.
69
What did Noam Chomsky suggest about language?
A genetic component exists to language. We are biologically primed to learn language.
Children are able to learn language so quickly because they can pick up certain
structures of language.
70
Is there a critical period for language learning?
No evidence of this.
71
What is the “Forbidden Experiment”?
Raising a child without using any language around them to see if the child is still able to
develop language.
72
Who was Oxana Malaya?
Raised in Russia by dogs for many of her younger years until she was eventually found.
She behaved and communicated like a dog. She was able to learn language. However,
they could not draw implications because she had had human interaction for her first
three years of life.
73
Describe the study by Dr. Ofer Tchernichovski with finches. What did he find?
Initially isolated male finches from their fathers. Their song/call changed into a croak
instead of chirping. Over generations, however, the sons not just imitated their fathers
but moved the sound toward normal song. Within four generations, normal song.
74
What does the finch study imply for humans?
Maybe innate ability to talk and learn language.
75
Why did Dr. Baillargeon conduct her object permanence studies?
She thought Piaget must be wrong. Object searching behavior does
not test for object permanence well
76
What did Dr. Baillargeon do in her studies?
Babies would look at a rotating wooden block. Then would put box
behind it. In some cases, it would stop there and come back. In
others (the impossible events), it would continue past it.
77
What did she find?
Even 3.5-year-old kids were surprised with impossible task. Object
permanence seems to exist at 3 months of age.
78
What country was the first to have a parental leave policy?
Germany
79
What social change led to more and more countries implementing parental leave policies?
More and more women in the workplace
80
When did the United States pass a parental leave policy? What’s it called?
1993 Family and Medical Leave Act
81
What are the basic regulations in the Family and Medical Leave Act
a. Three months, unpaid, job protected b. Within first year of life c. Isn’t just for newborns but sicknesses within family, adoptions, and foster children d. Only pertains to companies with 50 or more employees i. That eliminates 45% of American workers e. Have to have worked at company for a year f. If in top 10% of salary, they can refuse to cover you
82
Does the United States parental leave policy provide substantially more or less time off than most other countries?
Less
83
What are common post-partum symptoms for mothers? How long can they last following birth?
Fatigue, feeling down, lack of ambition, dizziness, hemorroids, respiratory infections, sexual concerns. up to a year.
84
Dr. Schultz described a study comparing three vs. four month leave policies. What did they find?
Moms who took a four month leave were happier about being a mom.
85
Throughout development, when do parents and children have the most
physical closeness?
Infancy.
86
How did Erikson’s view of the first year of life build upon Freud’s? What
did Erikson term it?
In addition to nursing and weaning, responding to the infant’s needs by
comforting, talking, etc. just as important.
Trust vs. mistrust.
87
Describe the study by Harlow & Zimmerman (1959). Does it support
Freud’s or Erikson’s views more?
Infant monkeys separated from mothers at birth. Two cylinder mothers
placed in cage, one with a nursing bottle and the other with a terrycloth
cover. The monkeys only approached the wire mother when hungry.
Better supports Erikson’s theory.
88
What is attachment theory? What scientific perspective does this come
from?
“the view that infants are biologically predisposed to form emotional bonds
with caregivers and that the characteristics of those bonds shape later
social and personality development.”
Ethologists.
89
Describe the “internal models” that John Bowlby says infants and young
children develop.
Start to form at end of first year and become elaborated through first five
years.
Chlld’s confidence (or lack thereof) that the attachment figure will be
available, the child’s expectation of rebuff or affection, the child’s sense of
assurance that the attachment figure is really a safe base for exploration.
By age 5, a model of primary caregiver, of self, and of relationships.
90
What is synchrony? What are some examples of how infants and parents
establish synchrony?
“a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent
and child”
baby signals needs by crying; when held, she quiets or snuggles; she
looks at her parents when they look at her.
91
Which matters more for the development of an attachment relationship,
contact after birth or synchrony?
Synchrony
92
Compared to mothers, how do fathers tend to interact with their infants?
Play with them more, physical roughhousing
93
Describe Bowlby’s four phases of establishing attachment including when
they occur.
Phase 1: birth to 3 months. Nonfocused orienting and signaling. Infant will
cry, smile, etc. to anyone near them.
Phase 2: 3-6 months. Focused signaling. Infants become discriminative in
their signaling
Phase 3: 6-24 months. Secure base behavior. True attachment emerges.
Babies show “proximity-seeking” behavior (e.g., following, clinging).
Directed to a primary caregiver or, if s/he’s not available, then someone
else.
Phase 4: 24 months+. Internal models of attachment form.
94
Once a clear primary attachment appears in Phase 3, what else also
appears? For how long?
Stranger anxiety: “expressions of discomfort, such as clinging to the
mother, in the presence of strongers.”
Separation anxiety: “expressions of discomfort, such as crying, when
separated from an attachment figure.”
Until about 12-16 months
95
Describe social referencing
“an infant’s use of others’ facial expressions as a guide to his or her own
emotions.”
96
Describe the Strange Situation and what its purpose is.
Eight settings caregiver and infant (typically 12-18 months) go through.
Observed in a mixture of settings with and without caregiver and with and
without a stranger. Infant reactions to these situations, particularly the
reunion, indicate attachment quality.
97
Describe the four attachment styles.
Secure: “a pattern of attachment in which an infant readily separates from
the parent, seeks proximity when stressed, and uses the parent as a safe
base for exploration.”
Insecure-avoidant: “a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids
contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other
people.”
Insecure-ambivalent: “a pattern of attachment in which the infant shows
little exploratory behavior, is greatly upset when separated from the
mother, and is not reassured by her return or efforts to comfort her/him.”
Insecure-disorganized: “a pattern of attachment in which an infant seems
confused or apprehensive and shows contradictory behavior, such as
moving toward the mother while looking away from her.”
98
If an infant cries when separated from her/his caregiver, what attachment
style does this represent?
It doesn’t. Even many securely attached infants cry.
99
Do attachment styles remain the same over time? Describe the situations
in which they may or may not remain the same.
Only if family constellation/circumstances remain the same. If divorce,
move, death, abuse, illness, etc., classification may change either for the
worse or for the better.
100
What maternal characteristics seem to predict secure attachment?
Emotional/contingent responsiveness, marital status (married vs.
cohabiting or single…but could be due to education, income, or age),
marital conflict, psychiatric illness
101
How do older mothers compare to adolescent mothers in their sensitivity?
Report infants as less difficult. Display more sensitive caregiving.
102
How does an infant sometimes react when her/his mother is depressed? What seems to cause this?
Express more negative and less positive affect
Some resist moms’ attempts to nurse them or even refuse to eat
altogether. As a result, higher percentage undernourished.
Later, at risk for aggression or social withdrawal
Depression by itself not the problem. Rather, depression interferes with
mom-infant interactions. Sometimes leads to withdrawal by mom and
other times to overinvolvement and anger expression toward infant.
If depressed mom shows same parenting behavior as other moms, no
affects on infant.
103
In all countries studied, what attachment style is most common? Second
most?
1st: secure. 2nd: in 6 of 8 countries, avoidant (exception: Israel and Japan).
104
Why might the Strange Situation not be appropriate to assess Japanese
caregivers and infants?
Babies rarely separated from their mothers.
105
In Japan, what is a secure attachment history related to in preschool?
Clingy behaviors. In America, these behaviors related to insecure
attachment.
106
Describe the community arrangement of the Efe foragers of Zaire and how
this impacts attachment relationships.
Live in camps of 20 individuals. Each group is several extended families.
Infants cared for communally. Carried and held by all women.
If they have needs, including nursing, cared for by whoever is closest.
Normally sleep with their mother, though.
Infants seem to use any adult or older child as a secure base.
And, around six months a preference for the mother still arises, although
maybe not quite as strong as in other cultures.
107
What is temperament?
“predispositions, such as activity level, that are present at birth and form
the foundations of personality.”
108
List and describe the five key temperamental traits that developmental
psychologists have identified (Thompson & Goodvin, 2005).
Activity level: an infant’s tendency to either move often and vigorously or
remain passive and immobile.
Approach/positive emotionality: a tendency to move toward rather than
away from new people, things, or objects and usually accompanied by
positive emotion.
Inhibition: a tendency to respond with fear or withdrawal to new people,
new situations, or new objects
Negative emotionality: a tendency to respond to frustrating circumstances
with anger, fussing, loudness, and/or irritability
Effortful control/task persistence: an ability to stay focused, to manage
attention and effort.
109
In Jerome Kagan’s longitudinal study of inhibition, what did he find about 4
month olds who exhibited high levels of crying and motor activity in
response to novelty (e.g., a mobile bouncing above their bassinet)?
At age 8, half still highly inhibited.
110
If you have an inhibited four-year-old child, does controlling the child more
or less seem to have a better outcome for her/him by the age of seven?
Less. More controlling Chinese parents had more inhibited 7 year olds.
111
Describe gender differences in temperament that researchers have found.
Boys: more active, emotionally intense
Girls: more fearful, sociable
112
Describe the study on parent perceptions of temperament in infants based
on the infants’ gender (i.e., Condry & Condry, 1976).
Adults interpreted videotaped behavior differently if told it was a boy or
girl. If a girl, “fear.” If a boy, “anger.”
Adults now somewhat less likely to do this.
113
When do infants develop a sense of “self”? How do researchers think they
know? What else happens at this time?
Put rouge on infants nose. Not until 21-24 months did a majority of infants
looking in mirror touch their own noses instead of the nose in the mirror.
Also, at same time, infants begin to say their name when seeing a picture
of themselves.
Children show a newly proprietary attitude toward toys (e.g., “Mine!”)
114
What are the effects of high quality child care on children’s cognitive
development?
Positive for low income. Significant and lasting gains in IQ and later school
performance.
Mixed results for middle income, though.
115
What are the effects of early child care on social development? Why might
these effects occur?
Child care prior to age of 1 leads to increased risk of insecure attachment
(35% vs. 29% for home care).
If spent 20 or more hours in nonparental care, increased risk for
aggressiveness and disobedience. Other studies find if high quality care,
however, no relationship.
Stress hormones (i.e., cortisol) increase in infants in childcare and
decrease for home-cared.
116
What are characteristics of “high quality” child care centers?
Low teacher/child ratio (for children under 2, 1:4; for 2-3 years, 1:10)
Small group size (for infants, max 8; for 1-2 years, max 12; for older, max
20)
A clean, colorful space that promotes play
A daily plan
Sensitive caregivers
Knowledgable caregivers
117
What is attachment?
An emotional bond between an infant and caregiver.
118
What is a secure attachment?
Confidence a caregiver respond to your needs.
119
Who is the father of Attachment Theory?
John Bowlby.
120
What are some functions of attachment?
Attachment provides protection, security, and social learning.
121
Describe Jim Coan’s study. What did it find?
Satisfied marital couples came into lab. Wife hooked up to receive shocks. Either held
husband’s hand, stranger’s hand, or no hand. Least brain activation when holding
husband’s hand. Most potent and efficient way to regulate stress is have connection with
someone you trust.
122
Describe Ainsworth’s secure base idea.
The parent is seen as a secure base that allows the child to feel secure and explore her
or his surroundings.
123
Describe ambivalent attachment.
Too dependent on the caregiver. Child learns to get her/his needs through making a fuss
or clinging behavior. “kick and cling” pattern.
124
Describe avoidant attachment.
Too independent. They keep physical and/or emotional distance from the caregiver.
They learn to manage stress on their own, rather than seeking comfort from the
caregiver.
125
When does attachment develop?
Mainly in the second half of the first year.
126
Can attachment style change? If so, how/why?
Yes. If changes in relationships occur.
127
What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his studies with rhesus monkeys?
Infants attach to their mothers not just for nutrition but for comfort and security.
128
What is attachment?
A bond between an infant and its caregiver.
129
Can infants experience stress and anxiety?
Yes.
130
What are the two functions of parents (i.e., the attachment figure) for infants?
1) a secure base from which to explore, and 2) as a retreat in conditions of perceived
threat.
131
What often co-occurs with insecure attachment?
atypical cortisol secretion, more likely to have colds, more visits to the pediatrician,
depression, withdraw, anxiety, aggression and other physical problems.
132
How can parents nurture a secure attachment to their infant?
- Sensitivity to their baby’s needs (e.g. responding in a warm and timely manner)
- Scaffold and protect the child
- Balance their needs with the needs of their child
- A good relationship between the parents helps
- Enjoy their child (e.g. expressed implicit and explicitly)
133
What are the first overt signs of a baby showing its temperament?
How a baby reacts to its environment (e.g. how an infant responds to temperature,
hunger, needs, sleeping, etc.).
134
What affects temperament, nature or nurture?
Both genetics and parenting contribute.
135
Does temperament determine a child’s life or personality?
No. It’s a component but not the whole story.
