Exam 2 Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Closure of the esophageal groove in calves
A
5% copper sulfate or 10% sodium bicarb
2
Q
closure of the esophageal groove in lambs
A
2% copper sulfate (less copper bcz of toxicity)
3
Q
rumen bloat (FROTHY)
A
poloxalene, docusate sodium, vegetable oil, mineral oil
4
Q
Rumen Atony (cholinergics)
A
bethanechol, neostigmine SubQ
5
Q
Rumen Atony (bitters)
A
ginger, capsicum (red pepper) , methyl salicylate
simulate salivation, inversely stimulates digestion
6
Q
Rumen Atony (other)
A
Magnesium hydroxide
“milk of magnesium” = antacids, laxative, adsorbent
7
Q
Rumen Acidosis (directly)
A
oral antacids (magnesium oxide/hydroxide/carbonate) and rumenotomy
8
Q
Rumen acidosis (systemic)
A
sodium bicarb IV
9
Q
Rumen acidosis (shock)
A
glucocorticoids (dexamethasone)
10
Q
Urea poisoning
A
acetic acid or vinegar 5% in large amount of COLD water
11
Q
Bovine Ketosis
A
50% glucose IV bolus
alternatives to glucose = fructose and sorbitol
12
Q
Bovine ketosis (parenteral)
A
glucocorticoids (affect glucose distribution and kinetics). Can also add insulin to inhibit non esterified fatty acid mobilization.
13
Q
reduce incidence of bovine ketosis
A
sodium propionate in rations or rations that yield high levels of propionic acid in rumen
14
Q
Follicular cyst in cattle or bitch
A
LH = hCG
15
Q
Induce ovulation in mare or queen
A
LH = hCG
16
Q
Check for remaining testicular material in large animal
A
LH = hCG
17
Q
Possibly cause descention of cryptorchidism in dogs
A
LH = hCG
18
Q
stimulate follicular growth in anestrous animals
A
FSH = eCG
19
Q
induce estrus in prepuberal gilts
A
FSH AND LH needed
20
Q
induce superovulation in cattle
A
FSH = eCG
21
Q
GnRH in small animals
A
gonadorelin
1) folluclar cysts in bitches
2) increase libido in male dogs and cats
3) diagnose LH and testosterone deficiency
22
Q
GnRH in large animals
A
follcular cyst in cattle
boodt luteal fomration
23
Q
GnRH drug to induce ovulation in mare
A
deslorelin acetate
24
Q
androgens used as implant growth promoters in cattle
A
testosterone estradiol and trenbolone
25
induce a "teaser cow" to ID females in estrus
testosterone esters or trenbolone
26
suppress estrus in dogs/ pseudopregnancy in bitch by suppressing estrogen
mibolerone or testosterone ester
27
treat androgen deficiency alopecia in NM
mibolerone or testosterone ester
28
Which are used in growth induction in food animals? androgens or anabolic steroids?
ANDROGENS!! (testosterone esters, trendolone) NEVER use anabolic steroids (stanozolol or boldenone) in food animals!
29
improve athletic performance in horses
stanozolol or boldenone
30
secondary uses of anabolic steroids mentioned
cachexia, appetite stimulant, tissue repair, anemia in small animals
31
growth promotion in cattle (nonandrogenic)
estradiol and progesterone or testosterone
32
growth promotion in sheep
zeranol (estrogen )
33
estrus synchronization in cattle
estradiol valerate (increases incidences) and progesterone ( the one that acually synchronizes)
34
should you use estrogen in mismating for small animals
no retard it causes pyometra
35
urinary incontinence, dermatitis, vaginitis in SF (estrogen def)
estrogens (estradiol esters, DES)
36
induce estrus without ovulation in bitch
estrogens
37
prostate hypertrophy, testosterone secreting tumors, anal adenoma in dogs
estrogens (antagonist to testosterone!)
38
contraception/estrus suppression in bitches and queens
megestrol acetate
39
behavior problems/urination in toms
hydroxyprogesterone caproate
40
growth promotion in cattle (progestins)
progesterone estradiol benzoate (progesteron estrogen combo) and melengesterol (oral for cows)
41
suppresion of estrus/ synchronization of estrus cycle lg animal
norgestomet implants, norgestomet estradiol valerate injection, progesterone CIDRE (cattle)
altrenogest (mares)
42
which drug classes are approved for growth in food animals
androgens, estrogens, progestins
43
T or F: Prostaglandins are approved in all species
FALSE. They are approved in cattle and swine and horses because have no side effects (mares can sweat though). In small animals they are off-label, causing multiple allergy like side effects that can be reduced with atropine.
44
Two actions of prostaglandins
1) luteolysis
| 2) uterine contraction
45
Abortifacient in cattle (causing abortion in first week to 5 months)
prostaglandins (cloprostenol, fenprostalene)
46
DOC for expulsion of mummified fetuses
prostaglandins (cloprostenol, fenprostalene, etc
47
synchronization of estrus in cattle(nonprgesterone)
prostaglandins
48
treatment of persistent CL (silent estrus) in cattle
prostaglandins
49
induce partuition
uterine stimulant (oxytocin)
50
induce milk letdown
oxytocin
51
expulsion of placenta or of egg in birds
oxytocin
52
decrease in port partum bleeding
oxytocin (contraction of uterus constricts BVs)
53
PSEUDOPREGNANCY in bitch (all drugs)
ADRONGENS/ESTROGENS: testosterone cypionate, mibolerone, DES
| DOPANIME AGONSITS = prolactin inhibitors: cabergoline or bromocriptine
54
Induction of abortion in cows (over view)
0-150 days = prostaglandins
5-8 months = prostaglandins and corticosteroids (desxamethasone)
Last month of pregnancy = dexamethasone or prosaglandins alone
NOT OXYTOCIN IN CATTLE
55
Induction of partuition in cows (overview)
DOC = dexamethasone, can use prostaglandins too
56
Induction of partuition in mares (overview)
DOC= oxytocin. if cervix is closed use DES or estradiol cypionate
57
Induction of partuition in sows
DOC= prostaglandins followed by oxytocin
58
Induction of partuition in small animals (bitch)
DOC = OXYTOCIN!! recall that prostaglandins have ADVERSE side effects in small animals!!!
59
expulsion of placenta/ pyometra treatment
oxytocin, estrogens, PROSTAGLANDINS (DOC), ergonovine, bromocriptidine
60
Tocolytics
inhibit uterine contraction (inducde by oxytocin)
| DRUGS = B2 AGONISTS (terbutaline, ritodrine), MAGNESIUM SULFATE, INHALATION ANESTHETICS
61
treatment of agalactica
want to INHIBIT dopamine to INCREASE prolactin
| drugs = dopamine antagonists = phenothiazines, metroclopramide, and domperidone (best bcz of poor BBB perfusion)
62
Male gonadotropins
```
FSH = spermatogenesis
LH = testosterone
```
63
treatment of benign prostate hypertrophy in dogs
DOC = Finasteride (inhibits 5 alpha reductase) which inhibits dihydrotestosterone
other treatments include castration, megesterol acetate (which inhibits LH), GnRH antagonist, and GnRH high dose (negative feedback)
64
chemical castration
zinc gluconate with arginine
65
types of available somatotropin
human, bovine (BST is approved in cattle), porcine
66
uses of GH in large animals
1) increase milk production (adverse effect is mastitis)
| 2) enhance growth
67
uses of GH in small animals
1) pituitary dwarfism in dogs
2) GH responsive dermatosis
adverse effects = DM and hypersenstivity rxn
68
MoA of competitive NM blocker (antiparasitic)
BLOCK nicotinic receptors at muscle plate PIPERAZINE
69
MoA of depolarizing (noncompetitive) NM blocker
stimualtes receptors-> hyperpolarization_> paralysis PYRANTEL, MORANTEL, LEVAMISOLE
70
MoA of cholinesterase inhibitors
ORGANOPHOSPHATES -> inhibits (reversibly) cholinesterase enzyme-> Ach builds up-> paralysis DICHLORVOS
71
activation of LAT-1, LAT-2 presynaptic receptors at NM junction -> increasing release of PF1, PF2 -> paralysis
Emodipside
72
MoA of inhibition of neuronal system
inhibiting GABA and or glutamate chloride channels -> incrase in calcium-> hyperpolarizes-> flaccid paralysis
EXAMPLE = macrocyclic lactones (avermectines and milbemycins) <- these are endectocides and ovicides
73
MoA of inhibition of energy system
BENZIMIDAZOLES -> inhibit fumarate reductase and block mitochondria -> depletes glycogen
-also binds to microtubules -> no cell division (inhibits growth)
74
MoA damage membrane integrity
release calcium from parasite mm stores-> integument damage-> immune system of host removes
EX = praziquantel and epsiquantel
75
Inhibition on reproduction in parasites
benzimidazole (is ovicidal and larvacidal)
76
anticoccidials (PREVENTION)
1) amprolium (approved in alying birds)
2) decoquinate (horses with diarrhea)
3) Monensin (ionophores)
77
which drug treats and PREVENTS coccidiosis
Sulfonamides!! (moA inhibits folic acid production by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase)
78
DOC for giardia
metronidazole (moa inhbits enzyme reductase which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis) also affects anaerobes
2) benzimidazoles
79
DOC amebiasis
metronidazole
| in pregnant animals alternative = furazolidone
80
DOC for balantidiasis
metronidazole
81
DOC for trichomoniasis
metronidazole in small animals (not approved in food animals)
clioquniol = horses with diarrhea
carnidazole =pigeons with canker (T. columbae)
82
DOC for toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats
clindamycin !! alternative = sulfonamides
83
histomonas meleagridis treatment
organic arsenicals (carbarsone, roxarsone, nitarsone)
84
DOC for babesiosis in horses
imidocarb
85
DOC for anaplasmosis
oxytetracycline
86
sarcocystis neurona
Nitazoxanide (best)
ponazuril
diclazuril
87
Cryptosporidiosis
Paramomycin
azithromycin
nitazonoxide
88
Antiulcer drugs with MoA as H2 blocker
Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Nizatidine, Famotidine
89
Which H2 (antihistamine) anti ulcer drug is has prokinetic activity in dogs?
Ranitidine
90
Antiulcer drugs with MoA of proton pump inhibition (inhibits H/K/ATPase -> decrease HCl production)
omeprazole and pantoprazole
91
Which antiulcer drug is a prostaglandin analog
Misoprostol
92
Which antiulcer drug do you use to treat NSAID induced gastric ulcers
Misoprostol (a prostaglandin analog, makes sense!!) -> contraindicated in pregnancy
93
whic anti ulcer drig is a stomach protectant, binding to the ulcer sight (must be acidic environement) and protecting it from acid?
oral sucralfate
94
systemic antacid used for anti ulcer meds
sodium bicarbonate
95
oral antacids used for antiulcer
aluminum, magnesuim, and calcium salts -> chemcially neutralize HCl
96
what 3 chemicals increase enteric activity?
1) Ach (PSNS)
2) serotonin (5-HT)
3) peptides
97
what 3 chemicals decrease enteric activity?
1) SNS
2) dopamine (suppresses Ach)
3) endorphins (opiods)
98
this drug is a dopamine antagonist, increase gastric motility and peristalsis in the duodenum and jejunum
metroclopromide
99
thi drug is a serotonin agonist (prokinetic) in NA available by compounding only. It had been used to treat emgaesophagus and megacolon in cats.
cisapride
100
which of the 4 H2 blockers can be used as prokinetics as well?
Ranitidine and Nizatidine
101
what is the primary therapy for diarrhea?
diagnose and treat underlying disease! Fluids and electrolytes .... dietary management
102
Which opiod (antidiarrheal) does not cross the BBB and is therfore safer to use in collies?
Loperamide is CONTRINDICATED in collies because the only reason it doesnt cross the BBB in other dogs is bcz of p-glycoprotein pump. Diphenoxylate does cross the BBB and has more side effects in other dogs.
103
MoA of GI protectants used as antidiarrheals
not absorbed. they coat and protect the gut bismuth salicylate aka pepto) or physically bind to toxins (charcoal)
104
magnesium trisiliate and hydrated aluminum silicate are used as what?
nonspecific GI protectants/coating agents
105
emollient laxatives do what?
mechanical or lubricant laxatives (mineral oil, parrafin oil, white petroleum)
106
bulk laxatives do what?
absorb water ans sweel, stimulating reflexive peristalsis (psyllium, methyle cellulose, plantago seeds, wheat bran. prunes)
107
osmotic cathartics do what?
non or poorly absorbed compounds that attract water into the lumen via osmotic pressure and stimulate reflex peristalsis (Mg oxide, sorbitol, polyethylene glycols, lactulose)
108
irritant cathartics do what?
irritate the GI mucosa and stimulate peristalsis (bisacodyl and castor oil)
109
which kinds of enemans should NOT be used in cats?
phosphate containing ones! duh
110
Enemas to know:
plain warm water, SORBITOL (can come with charcoal recall)
111
what are the three treatments for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
1) viokase
2) Pancreazyme
3) chopped pancreas
112
which treatment for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency has the highest concentration of enzyme and highest efficay?
viokase
113
which treatment of liver dz is a bile acid and can therefore interfere with bile acid testing?
ursodeoxycholic acid (ursodiol)
114
which treatment of hepatic encephalopathy is turned to lactic acid by microbes in the colon, turning the ammonia to ammonium and is a good example of ion trapping?
lactulose
115
Whats the differnence between first and second generation of H1 blockers?
first generation distribute to the CNS while second generation dont (are removed by P- glycoproteins. )
116
3 second generation H1 blockers all end in "adine"
1) terfenadine
2) loratadine (claratin)
3) fexxofenadine (allergra)
117
first generation H1 blocker that is also used as an appetite stimulant in cats
cyproheptadine
118
first generation h1 blocker that is the equivalent of benadryl
diphenydramine
119
first generation H1 blocker used to treat 'old dog' vvestibular disease in canines too
meclizine
120
first generation H1 blocker in phenothiazine family
trimeprazine-prednisolone
121
What is the MoA of an H2 blocker?
to inhibit the prduction of gastric acid . do not cross the BBB
122
which H2 blcker can used to treat melanoma and decrease gastric secretion?
cimetidine
123
which two H2 blockers have prokinetic activity and antiulcer benefits
ranitidine and nizatidine
124
which 3 drugs are approved in lactating animals?
1) morantel
2) fenbendazole
3) Eprinomectin
125
which 2 drugs are approved in goats?
1) morantel
| 2) lasalocil
126
which drug is approved in sheep?
ivermectin
127
which 2 drugs are antitrematodals?
1) clorsulon (fasciola hepatica)
| 2) albendazole (liver flukes, cestodes, nematodes of GI and lung in cattle (its broad!)
128
which 4 drugs are anticestodals?
1) Dichlorophene (dog and cat)
2) Praziquantel (dog, cat, horse)
3) Epsiprantel (dog and cat)
4) Fenbendazole (dog)
129
which anticestodal can treat anoplocephela in horses?
Praziquantel
130
which anticestodal is not approved in cats?
Fenbendazole!
131
Fenbendazole used as an anitcestodal treats which species?
DOGS -> treats taenia pisiformis, rounds, hooks, whips
132
Praziquantel as an anticestodal treats which cestodes?
ALL OF THEM! taenia pisiformis, Dipylidium caninum,echinococcus granulosus and anoplocephala in horses!
133
what are the two classes of endectocides used to treat nematodes?
avermectins and mylbemycins
| recall these are macrocyclic lactones and MoA is GABA/ glutamate inhbition (chloride increase, paralyis of neuronal)
134
Ivermectin is administered orally in horses, dogs, cats, swine and sheep. Which species can it be poured on and which injected?
```
injected = cattle and swine
poured = cattle
```
135
antiparastic activity of ivermectin in horses?
1) GI roundworms
2) Lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi)
3) Bots (Gasterophilus spp )
136
antiparastic acrivity of ivermectin in cattle
1) Gi roundworms
2) Lungworms (Dictyocaulus viviparus)
3) cattle grubs (hypoderma bovis, lineatum)
4) suckling lice
5) mites (psoroptes ovis) or scabies (sarcoptes scabieie)
137
what is the differnece between the pour on solution in ivermectin?
used in COWS ONLY to treat Haematobia irritans and biting lice
138
antiparastic activity of ivermectin in swine?
1) GI roundworms
2) Lung worms (metastrongylus spp)
3) lice
4) mange mites( sarcoptes)
139
antiparastic activity of ivermectin in sheep?
1) GI round worms - Haemonchus contortus
2) Lungworms (Dictyocaulus filaria
3) nasal bots (oestrus ovis)
140
antiparastic activity of ivermectin in dogs and cats
prevention of dirofilaria immitis larvae (NOT TREATING)
141
What is the significance of eprinomectin?
its our on and APPROVED in dairy cattle and beef cattle. same effects as ivermectin.
142
what is the significance of doramectin?
usedIM or SC in cattle
| same efffects as ivermectin
143
which avermectin is approved to treat fleas in dogs and cats by applying tiopically on skin every month?
selamectin
144
selamectin can be used in heart worm prevention, ear mite treatment, and sarcoptic mange treatment, dermacentor variablis in dogs. T of F?
True .
145
what does selamectin treat in cats?
Ancylostoma tubaeforme and toxocar cati
146
what is the clinical significance of milbemycin oxime?
YOU CAN USE IT ON COLLIES!!! Ivermectin has toxicites and this doesnt. it prevents heartworm, hooks, rounds, whips in dogs over 8 weeks old
147
moxidectin is a milbemycin used in cattle and horses and dogs. for what?
```
cattle = POUR ON = internal and external
horse = ORAL = antinematodal (broad)
dog = oral = heart worm prevention
```
148
give the MoA for benzimidazole
inhbits fumarate reductase and mitochondria -> glycogen depletion. also binds microtubules to prevent cell division?
149
which benzimidazole is used for treatment of fasciola hepatica as well as GI rounds, lung womrs, and tape worms (monezia)
albendazole! teratogenic! not in pregancy
150
which benzimidazole is approved in lactating cattle?
fenbendazole!!
151
which benzimidazole is approved in dogs for broad spectrum antihelminth? (ascarids, hooks, whips, tapes)
fenbendazole
152
T or F fenbendazole is approved in only cattle like albendazole
FALSE. approved in dogs, horses, cattle INCLUDING DAIRY ONES), swine. IT IS NOT APPROVED IN CATS. aka panacur
153
list the two imidathiazoles
1) febantel
| 2) levamisole
154
which imidathiazole (broad spectrum antinematodal) is a probensimidazole, is approved in dogs cats and horses, and has a wide safety margin?
febantel
155
which imidathiazole has a narrow safety margin because it is absorbed by the GI tract?
levamisole
156
what are the two tetrahydropyrimidines?
1) pyrantel
| 2) morantel
157
which tetrahydropyrimidine is approved in dogs and cats to treat large roundworms and hookworms?
Pyrantel - you literally just used it on Robin
158
If you are treating a horse for anoplocephela spp and are out of praziquantel, which druh could you use in a high dose?
pyrantel (it was what was used before...wide safety margin)
159
which tetrahydropyrimidine is approved in lactating cattle and GOATS
morantel
160
this organophosphate is used in swine dogs and cats for treating nematodes
dichlorvos. MoA ? inhibits the enxyme acetylcholinesterase
161
emodepside is combined with what to Pfofender a spot on solution for cats?
praziquantel
162
which antihelminth is approved in chicken and turkeys?
piperazine!
163
Piperazine si approved in which species for lare roundworms?
chx, turkey, swine, horses, dogs and cats
164
which drug is used as TREATMENT of heart worm
melarsomine IM injection
| NO recommeded in cats
165
Ivermectin and Milbemycin CAN both treat microfilaria in heart worm, why do we prefer to use them as prevention?
CIRCULATORY SHOCK can ensue if kill a lot of microfilaria. treat with glucocorticoids
166
there are 4 drugs that can be used in prevention of heart worms in dogs:
1) ivermectin
2) Milbemycin oxime
3) moxidectin
4) selamectin
167
if you prescribe Heartgard in dogs what are you prescribing? Interceptor?
Heargard = Ivermectin
Interceptor = Milbemycin
Heartgard plus has pyrantel in it YES
168
prokinetic acting on the enitre GI system vaia the stimualtion of serotonin-> megaesophagus/ megacolon in cats.
cisapride
169
which selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is used as an antidepressant?
fluoxetine
170
which Serotonin acting drug can be used for behavioral issues, seperation anxiey, and OCD in dogs. Also cats urine marking?
fluoxetine . recall that you can use progesterone (hydroxyprogesteron caproate) too!
171
which drug treats serotonin syndrome in dogs and cats
cyproheptadine
172
cyproheptadine blocks two things.....
1) H1 receptors
| 2) serotonin receptors
173
cyproheptadine has can be used as an antihistamine and to stimulate appetite in small animals. why?
it is an anti histamine (H1) and blocks serotonin receptors
174
if you wanted to treat/prevent anticancer chemotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting what would you use?
ondansetron (seratonin antagonist)
175
which drug would you use if you wanted both an antiemetic and a prokinetics?
metoclopramide
176
mirtazapine has two uses
antidepressant and antiemetic
177
which drug blocks NK1 receptors, preventing substance P from binding and resulting in an antiemetic effect
maropitant citrate
178
if you want to treat acute vomiting in dogs over 16 weeks (due to omotion sickness or viral or anticancer therapy)
maropitant citrate
179
this antiulcer drug is a prostaglandin synthetic
misoprostol
180
3 prostaglandin agonists can be used as a treatment for open angle glaucoma
1) latanoprost
2) travoprost
3) bimatoprost
181
what is the Moa for PGs working on open angle glaucoma?
increase in uveoscleral outflow
182
e. Synchronization of cattle
i. DOC: Progestins- prolong diestrus, inhibit GnRH/FSH, then withdrawal stimulates GnRH and they all cycle at the same time
ii. Prostaglandins- inj. to destroy CL- progesterone goes down, stimulate GnRH/FSH
1. Direct from luteolysis
yeah
